The Mission of the Twelve Apostles: A Coptic Orthodox Commentary on Matthew 10

Executive Summary ✨

Matthew 10, a pivotal chapter, details the commissioning of the twelve apostles, their empowerment with authority over unclean spirits, and their mandate to preach the Kingdom of Heaven. Jesus instructs them not to stray to the Gentiles or Samaritans initially, focusing their ministry on the “lost sheep of the house of Israel.” He warns them of coming persecution, instructing them to be wise as serpents and harmless as doves. The chapter emphasizes the cost of discipleship, the importance of fearing God above men, and the assurance that even the smallest acts of kindness will be rewarded. This mission, rooted in love and sacrifice, lays the foundation for the Church’s apostolic ministry and resonates deeply within the Coptic Orthodox tradition, calling us to unwavering faith and courageous witness.

This detailed commentary explores the depths of The Mission of the Twelve Apostles in Matthew 10, illuminated through the lens of Coptic Orthodox theology, tradition, and patristic wisdom. We will unpack the significance of each verse, drawing connections to relevant scriptures and applying these ancient teachings to our modern spiritual journey. Prepare to delve into the heart of apostolic service and discover the enduring power of Christ’s call.

Commentary Sections

Matthew 10:1 (Calling and Empowering the Apostles)

Greek: Καὶ προσκαλεσάμενος τοὺς δώδεκα μαθητὰς αὐτοῦ ἔδωκεν αὐτοῖς ἐξουσίαν πνευμάτων ἀκαθάρτων, ὥστε ἐκβάλλειν αὐτὰ καὶ θεραπεύειν πᾶσαν νόσον καὶ πᾶσαν μαλακίαν.

English: And when He had called His twelve disciples to Him, He gave them power over unclean spirits, to cast them out, and to heal all kinds of sickness and all kinds of disease.

Here, we see the foundational act of Jesus calling and empowering His disciples. The Greek word “ἐξουσίαν” (exousian) signifies not mere permission but genuine authority delegated by Christ Himself. This echoes the authority given to Adam before the Fall, lost through sin, and now restored through Christ. This empowerment wasn’t merely for personal gain or self-promotion; it was for the service of others, specifically to liberate them from the bondage of evil spirits and physical ailments.

Patristic Insight: St. Athanasius emphasizes the Incarnation as the source of this power: “The Word became flesh so that we might become divine” (De Incarnatione, 54, PG 25:192). This divine power, manifest in Christ, is then shared with His apostles.

Application: As Coptic Orthodox Christians, we recognize that baptism and chrismation are our entrance into a share of this divine power, equipping us to combat the spiritual forces of darkness and to minister to the suffering around us. We must strive to be vessels of Christ’s healing power, offering compassion and practical support to those in need. Consider supporting a host for a homeless person.

Matthew 10:2-4 (Naming the Apostles)

English: Now the names of the twelve apostles are these: first, Simon, who is called Peter, and Andrew his brother; James the son of Zebedee, and John his brother; Philip and Bartholomew; Thomas and Matthew the tax collector; James the son of Alphaeus, and Lebbaeus, whose surname was Thaddaeus; Simon the Cananite, and Judas Iscariot, who also betrayed Him.

The listing of the apostles’ names isn’t a mere historical record. Each name carries significance, reflecting the individual personalities and eventual ministries of these chosen men. Simon, renamed Peter (“Rock”), symbolizes the foundational role he would play in the Church. Matthew, the tax collector, represents the transformative power of Christ’s grace, turning a despised outcast into a devoted follower. Judas Iscariot’s inclusion serves as a stark reminder of the possibility of betrayal, even among those closest to Christ.

Connection to Tradition: The Coptic Orthodox Church deeply reveres the apostles, honoring them as the pillars of the early Church. Their relics are venerated, and their feast days are celebrated throughout the liturgical year. Their writings, preserved in the New Testament, form the cornerstone of our faith.

Application: We are all called to be apostles in our own way, proclaiming the Gospel through our words and deeds. Reflect on the unique gifts and talents God has given you and consider how you can use them to serve Him and others. Remember that even ordinary people, like the apostles, can be instruments of extraordinary grace.

Matthew 10:5-6 (Mission Limited to Israel)

English: These twelve Jesus sent out and commanded them, saying: “Do not go into the way of the Gentiles; do not enter a city of the Samaritans. But go rather to the lost sheep of the house of Israel.”

This initial restriction on the apostles’ ministry to the “lost sheep of the house of Israel” might seem exclusionary to modern ears. However, it’s crucial to understand the historical and theological context. God’s covenant was first established with Israel, and the Messiah was promised to them. This limited mission served to fulfill prophecy and to offer the Jewish people a final opportunity to accept their Messiah before the Gospel was extended to the Gentiles. The Samaritans, a mixed people with a syncretistic religion, were also excluded temporarily, signifying a focused approach.

Biblical Connection: This directive connects to the Old Testament prophecies concerning the Messiah’s mission to Israel (Isaiah 9:6-7; Micah 5:2). It also foreshadows the later expansion of the Gospel to all nations (Matthew 28:19-20).

Application: While our mission as Christians is universal, we should also remember the importance of reaching out to those within our immediate communities who are struggling or lost. Sometimes, the most effective ministry begins with those closest to us.

Matthew 10:7-8 (Preaching and Healing)

English: “And as you go, preach, saying, ‘The kingdom of heaven is at hand.’ Heal the sick, cleanse the lepers, raise the dead, cast out demons. Freely you have received, freely give.”

The core message of the apostles’ mission was the proclamation of the Kingdom of Heaven. This wasn’t merely a political or earthly kingdom but a spiritual reality – God’s reign established in the hearts of believers. The miracles performed by the apostles – healing, cleansing, raising the dead, and casting out demons – were signs of this Kingdom’s power and presence. The command “Freely you have received, freely give” emphasizes the spirit of selfless service that should characterize all Christian ministry.

Patristic Insight: St. Cyril of Alexandria comments on this passage, noting that the miracles performed by the apostles were “visible proofs” of the invisible reality of God’s Kingdom (Commentary on Matthew, PG 72:248).

Application: As Christians, we are called to be agents of healing and transformation in the world. This might involve acts of physical healing, emotional support, or spiritual guidance. We must remember that the gifts we have received from God are not for our own benefit but to be shared freely with others.

Matthew 10:9-10 (Dependence on God)

English: “Provide neither gold nor silver nor copper in your money belts, nor bag for your journey, nor two tunics, nor sandals, nor staffs; for a worker is worthy of his food.”

Jesus instructs the apostles to travel light, depending entirely on God’s provision. This wasn’t a prescription for poverty but a lesson in trust and dependence. The apostles were to focus solely on their mission, trusting that God would provide for their basic needs through the hospitality of those they served. This reliance on God would also serve as a powerful witness to the sincerity of their message.

Biblical Connection: This instruction echoes God’s provision for the Israelites in the wilderness (Exodus 16) and highlights the importance of prioritizing spiritual needs over material possessions (Matthew 6:33).

Application: In our modern, consumeristic society, this lesson in dependence is particularly relevant. We are constantly bombarded with messages that encourage us to accumulate wealth and possessions. Jesus calls us to a different way of life – one that prioritizes faith, trust, and dependence on God’s provision. Let us simplify our lives and trust in His unfailing love.

Matthew 10:16 (Wise as Serpents, Harmless as Doves)

English: “Behold, I send you out as sheep in the midst of wolves. Therefore be wise as serpents and harmless as doves.”

This verse highlights the paradoxical nature of Christian witness in a hostile world. The apostles are sent out as vulnerable sheep among wolves, facing persecution and opposition. To navigate this dangerous environment, they need the wisdom of serpents – discernment, prudence, and the ability to anticipate danger. At the same time, they must remain harmless as doves – gentle, compassionate, and free from malice. This delicate balance requires constant reliance on the Holy Spirit’s guidance.

Patristic Insight: St. Gregory of Nyssa interprets this verse as a call to “mingle simplicity with prudence” (De Vita Moysis, PG 44:380), avoiding both naiveté and cunning.

Application: As Christians, we are called to engage with the world without being corrupted by it. We must be discerning in our interactions with others, avoiding situations that could compromise our faith or lead us into temptation. At the same time, we must maintain a spirit of gentleness and compassion, treating everyone with respect and love. Pray for discernment in all your interactions and strive to embody both wisdom and harmlessness.

Matthew 10:22 (Enduring to the End)

English: “And you will be hated by all for My name’s sake. But he who endures to the end will be saved.”

Jesus does not sugarcoat the reality of persecution that His followers will face. Being hated “for My name’s sake” is a sign of true discipleship. The promise that “he who endures to the end will be saved” offers encouragement and hope in the midst of suffering. Endurance requires unwavering faith, perseverance, and a deep love for Christ that transcends fear and pain.

Biblical Connection: This promise of salvation through endurance resonates with numerous passages in the Old and New Testaments (Daniel 12:12; Revelation 2:10).

Application: We may not face the same level of persecution as the early Christians, but we will inevitably encounter challenges and difficulties in our faith journey. It is during these times that our commitment to Christ is truly tested. We must remember the promise of salvation and draw strength from the Holy Spirit to endure to the end. Seek support from fellow believers, engage in regular prayer and Bible study, and never lose sight of the eternal reward that awaits those who remain faithful.

Matthew 10:28 (Fear God, Not Man)

English: “And do not fear those who kill the body but cannot kill the soul. But rather fear Him who is able to destroy both soul and body in hell.”

Jesus addresses the issue of fear head-on, urging His followers to prioritize the fear of God over the fear of man. While earthly persecution can be terrifying, it only affects the physical body. God, however, has the power over both soul and body, and ultimately determines our eternal destiny. This isn’t a call to terror but to a healthy reverence for God’s holiness and justice.

Patristic Insight: St. John Chrysostom emphasizes that true fear of God leads to obedience and love, while fear of man leads to compromise and sin (Homilies on Matthew, PG 58:540).

Application: In our increasingly secular society, it’s easy to succumb to the pressure of conforming to popular opinion, even when it contradicts our faith. Jesus calls us to a higher standard – to fear God above all else and to remain true to His teachings, regardless of the consequences. Cultivate a deep and abiding relationship with God through prayer, Scripture, and the sacraments. Remember that His love and approval are more valuable than the approval of the world.

Matthew 10:42 (Reward for Kindness)

English: “And whoever gives one of these little ones only a cup of cold water in the name of a disciple, assuredly, I say to you, he will by no means lose his reward.”

This verse emphasizes the importance of even the smallest acts of kindness, especially those done in the name of Christ. Giving a “cup of cold water” to a disciple might seem insignificant, but Jesus assures us that it will not go unnoticed by God. This reflects the profound value God places on love, compassion, and service, regardless of the magnitude of the act. It showcases that we all can act as a hosting provider.

Biblical Connection: This teaching aligns with other passages that emphasize the importance of caring for the poor and vulnerable (Matthew 25:31-46; Proverbs 19:17).

Application: Look for opportunities to show kindness and compassion to those around you, especially to those who are in need. Remember that even the smallest acts of love can have a significant impact on others and will be richly rewarded by God. Volunteer your time, donate to charitable organizations, or simply offer a word of encouragement to someone who is struggling. Let your actions be motivated by love and done in the name of Christ.

Subtopic: The Cost of Discipleship ⚔️

Following Christ is not always easy. It demands commitment, sacrifice, and a willingness to endure hardship for the sake of the Gospel.

Denial of Self: True discipleship requires us to deny our own desires and ambitions, prioritizing God’s will above our own.
Taking up the Cross: We must be willing to embrace suffering and hardship, knowing that our reward is in heaven.
Love Above All: Loving God and others, even our enemies, is essential for discipleship.
Perseverance in Faith: Enduring trials and temptations strengthens our faith and draws us closer to Christ.
Witness Through Action: Living a life that reflects Christ’s teachings is a powerful testament to our faith.

FAQ ❓

Q: Why did Jesus initially restrict the apostles’ mission to Israel?

A: God’s covenant was initially with Israel, and the Messiah was prophesied to come to them. This focused mission fulfilled prophecy and offered the Jewish people a final opportunity to accept Jesus before the Gospel spread to the Gentiles.

Q: What does it mean to be “wise as serpents and harmless as doves”?

A: It means being discerning and prudent in navigating a hostile world while remaining gentle, compassionate, and free from malice. It requires a balance of wisdom and innocence.

Q: How can I apply the teachings of Matthew 10 to my daily life?

A: Strive to depend on God’s provision, prioritize the fear of God over the fear of man, show kindness to others, and remain steadfast in your faith, even in the face of adversity. Seek opportunities to serve and witness for Christ.

Q: What is the Coptic Orthodox perspective on the role of the apostles?

A: The Coptic Orthodox Church reveres the apostles as the pillars of the early Church, honoring them as the foundational authorities of our faith. Their teachings and example are central to our understanding of Christian discipleship.

Conclusion ✨

Matthew 10 presents a challenging yet inspiring vision of apostolic ministry and Christian discipleship. It reminds us that following Christ involves embracing a life of selfless service, unwavering faith, and courageous witness. **The Mission of the Twelve Apostles** serves as a blueprint for the Church’s ongoing mission to proclaim the Kingdom of Heaven, heal the brokenhearted, and liberate those bound by darkness. May we, as Coptic Orthodox Christians, embrace this calling and strive to live lives that reflect the love, compassion, and power of our Lord Jesus Christ, allowing Him to guide our steps and empower us to transform the world around us.

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Explore a Coptic Orthodox commentary on Matthew 10 – The Mission of the Twelve Apostles. Uncover deep spiritual insights, patristic wisdom, and practical applications for modern life.

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Matthew 10 – The Mission of the Twelve Apostles