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  • Exodus 24 – The Covenant Confirmed at Mount Sinai

    Exodus 24: Ratifying the Covenant with Blood — A Coptic Orthodox Commentary

    ✨ Executive Summary ✨

    Exodus 24, a pivotal chapter, details the confirmation of the covenant between God and Israel at Mount Sinai. This chapter sees Moses ascending the mountain with chosen elders, beholding a vision of God’s glory, and receiving further commandments. Most importantly, the covenant is ratified through a blood sacrifice, symbolizing the solemn commitment of both God and His people. The blood, sprinkled on the altar and the people, signifies purification and union. This chapter foreshadows the ultimate covenant ratified by the blood of Christ on the Cross, offering eternal redemption. We’ll explore the symbolism of the mountain, the vision of God, and the profound significance of the sacrificial blood, drawing upon patristic interpretations and Coptic Orthodox tradition. Understanding the ratification of this covenant with blood in Exodus 24 deepens our appreciation of God’s unwavering love and the cost of our salvation.

    Exodus 24 marks a high point in the Sinai narrative, where the fledgling nation of Israel seals its bond with the Almighty. This chapter is not merely historical; it is profoundly theological, offering insights into the nature of covenants, divine encounters, and the foreshadowing of Christ’s sacrifice. Let us delve into this sacred text, guided by the wisdom of the Holy Fathers, and unlock its enduring relevance for our lives today.

    📜 Exodus 24:1-2 – The Call to Ascend

    Exodus 24:1-2 (KJV): And he said unto Moses, Come up unto the Lord, thou, and Aaron, Nadab, and Abihu, and seventy of the elders of Israel; and worship ye afar off. And Moses alone shall come near the Lord: but they shall not come nigh; neither shall the people go up with him.

    Exodus 24:1-2 (NKJV): Now He said to Moses, “Come up to the Lord, you and Aaron, Nadab and Abihu, and seventy of the elders of Israel, and worship from afar. And Moses alone shall come near the Lord, but they shall not come near, nor shall the people go up with him.”

    Moses receives the divine summons to ascend Mount Sinai, accompanied by a select group: Aaron, his sons Nadab and Abihu, and seventy elders. This restricted access highlights the holiness of God and the need for mediation. Only Moses, the chosen mediator, can draw near to the Lord. The act of worshiping “afar off” signifies reverence and recognition of God’s transcendence. The mountain itself, a physical landmark, becomes a symbolic representation of God’s presence and holiness.

    Spiritual Application: We, too, are called to “ascend” in our spiritual lives, drawing nearer to God through prayer, repentance, and obedience. However, we must acknowledge our limitations and seek guidance from spiritual leaders and the Church Fathers, who act as mediators, helping us navigate the complexities of faith.

    📜 Exodus 24:3-8 – The Covenant Ratified with Blood

    Exodus 24:3-8 (KJV): And Moses came and told the people all the words of the Lord, and all the judgments: and all the people answered with one voice, and said, All the words which the Lord hath said will we do. And Moses wrote all the words of the Lord, and rose up early in the morning, and builded an altar under the hill, and twelve pillars, according to the twelve tribes of Israel. And he sent young men of the children of Israel, which offered burnt offerings, and sacrificed peace offerings of oxen unto the Lord. And Moses took half of the blood, and put it in basins; and half of the blood he sprinkled on the altar. And he took the book of the covenant, and read in the audience of the people: and they said, All that the Lord hath said will we do, and be obedient. And Moses took the blood, and sprinkled it on the people, and said, Behold the blood of the covenant, which the Lord hath made with you concerning all these words.

    Exodus 24:3-8 (NKJV): So Moses came and told the people all the words of the Lord and all the judgments. And all the people answered with one voice and said, “All the words which the Lord has said we will do.” And Moses wrote all the words of the Lord. And he rose early in the morning, and built an altar at the foot of the mountain, and twelve pillars according to the twelve tribes of Israel. Then he sent young men of the children of Israel, who offered burnt offerings and sacrificed peace offerings of oxen to the Lord. And Moses took half the blood and put it in basins, and half the blood he sprinkled on the altar. Then he took the Book of the Covenant and read in the hearing of the people. And they said, “All that the Lord has said we will do, and be obedient.” And Moses took the blood and sprinkled it on the people, and said, “This is the blood of the covenant which the Lord has made with you according to all these words.”

    This section unveils the core of the covenant confirmation. Moses relays God’s words to the people, who unanimously pledge obedience. An altar is built, symbolizing God’s presence, alongside twelve pillars representing the twelve tribes of Israel. Sacrifices are offered, and crucially, blood is divided: half sprinkled on the altar (representing God) and half on the people, sealing the covenant. The blood signifies purification, atonement, and a binding agreement. The reading of the “Book of the Covenant” reinforces the terms of the agreement, ensuring the people’s understanding and consent.

    St. Athanasius, in his *Contra Gentes*, writes about the necessity of sacrifice and atonement: “Διὰ τοῦτο καὶ ὁ Λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ σῶμα γενόμενος, ἵνα ἀπολύσῃ τὸν ἄνθρωπον ἀπὸ τοῦ θανάτου, ἑαυτὸν προσήνεγκε θυσίαν” (Athanasius, *Contra Gentes* 40). Translation: “Therefore, the Word of God, becoming flesh, in order to release man from death, offered Himself as a sacrifice.” This Patristic insight emphasizes the continuity between the Old Testament sacrifices and the ultimate sacrifice of Christ on the Cross.

    Spiritual Application: This passage is a powerful reminder of the cost of covenant. God takes covenant very seriously, and he expects us to do the same. In our lives, this means being intentional with our commitments to Him, keeping our word, and taking our spiritual journey seriously. The blood sprinkled signifies our cleansing and reconciliation with God through Christ’s sacrifice.

    📜 Exodus 24:9-11 – The Vision of God

    Exodus 24:9-11 (KJV): Then went up Moses, and Aaron, Nadab, and Abihu, and seventy of the elders of Israel: And they saw the God of Israel: and there was under his feet as it were a paved work of a sapphire stone, and as it were the body of heaven in his clearness. And upon the nobles of the children of Israel he laid not his hand: also they saw God, and did eat and drink.

    Exodus 24:9-11 (NKJV): Then Moses went up, also Aaron, Nadab, and Abihu, and seventy of the elders of Israel, and they saw the God of Israel. And there was under His feet as it were a paved work of sapphire stone, and it was like the very heavens in its clarity. But on the nobles of the children of Israel He did not lay His hand. So they saw God, and they ate and drank.

    A select group, including Moses, Aaron, and the elders, ascends further and beholds “the God of Israel.” While the nature of this vision remains somewhat enigmatic, the description offers glimpses of divine glory. The “paved work of sapphire stone” beneath God’s feet evokes images of celestial beauty and stability. The fact that God “laid not his hand” upon them implies divine protection and acceptance. Furthermore, their eating and drinking in God’s presence symbolizes communion and fellowship.

    The Coptic Orthodox Church understands this vision as a prefiguration of the Transfiguration of Christ on Mount Tabor. The glory revealed foreshadows the divine nature of Christ and the ultimate vision of God promised to believers. It’s important to note that the vision is not a complete unveiling of God’s essence, which remains incomprehensible to human beings.

    Spiritual Application: We may not experience such a direct vision, but we can encounter God’s presence through prayer, Scripture, and the sacraments. We’re invited to feast at the Lord’s table, partaking of His Body and Blood, experiencing communion with Him. It is important to note that the *blood covenant is a dohost* of the promise God made to us through Jesus Christ.

    📜 Exodus 24:12-18 – Moses Enters the Cloud

    Exodus 24:12-18 (KJV): And the Lord said unto Moses, Come up to me into the mount, and be there: and I will give thee tables of stone, and a law, and commandments which I have written; that thou mayest teach them. And Moses rose up, and his minister Joshua: and Moses went up into the mount of God. And he said unto the elders, Tarry ye here for us, until we come again unto you: and, behold, Aaron and Hur are with you: if any man have any matters to do, let him come unto them. And Moses went up into the mount, and a cloud covered the mount. And the glory of the Lord abode upon mount Sinai, and the cloud covered it six days: and the seventh day he called unto Moses out of the midst of the cloud. And the sight of the glory of the Lord was like devouring fire on the top of the mount in the eyes of the children of Israel. And Moses went into the midst of the cloud, and gat him up into the mount: and Moses was in the mount forty days and forty nights.

    Exodus 24:12-18 (NKJV): Then the Lord said to Moses, “Come up to Me on the mountain and be there; and I will give you tablets of stone, and the law and commandments which I have written, that you may teach them.” So Moses arose with his assistant Joshua, and Moses went up to the mountain of God. And he said to the elders, “Wait here for us until we come back to you. Indeed, Aaron and Hur are with you. If anyone has a difficulty, let him go to them.” Then Moses went up into the mountain, and a cloud covered the mountain. The glory of the Lord rested on Mount Sinai, and the cloud covered it six days. And on the seventh day He called to Moses out of the midst of the cloud. The sight of the glory of the Lord was like a consuming fire on the top of the mountain in the eyes of the children of Israel. So Moses went into the midst of the cloud and went up the mountain. And Moses was on the mountain forty days and forty nights.

    Moses receives the final summons to ascend the mountain alone and receive the tablets of stone, inscribed with the Law. He leaves instructions for the elders and ascends with Joshua. A cloud descends upon the mountain, concealing God’s glory. The “glory of the Lord” appears as “devouring fire,” emphasizing God’s power and holiness. Moses enters the cloud, remaining on the mountain for forty days and nights, a period of intense communion with God.

    This forty-day sojourn foreshadows Christ’s forty days in the wilderness, fasting and preparing for His ministry. It also mirrors the forty days after the Resurrection, during which Christ taught His disciples about the Kingdom of God.

    Spiritual Application: We are called to seek God in solitude and prayer, to enter into the “cloud” of His presence. Like Moses, we may encounter God’s glory as a “consuming fire,” challenging us to purify our hearts and minds. Through perseverance and faith, we can receive God’s guidance and wisdom, empowering us to live according to His commandments.

    🔑 Key Reflections on Exodus 24

    Here are some key takeaways from Exodus 24 that can enrich our spiritual understanding:

    • The Covenant as a Two-Way Commitment: The covenant is not merely a divine decree but a mutual agreement, requiring both God’s faithfulness and humanity’s obedience.
    • The Importance of Mediation: Moses serves as a crucial mediator between God and the people, highlighting the need for spiritual guidance and leadership.
    • The Cleansing Power of Blood: The blood sacrifice symbolizes purification, atonement, and reconciliation with God, foreshadowing the ultimate sacrifice of Christ.
    • Encountering God’s Glory: The vision of God experienced by the elders offers a glimpse of divine glory and the promise of future communion.
    • The Call to Obedience: The people’s unanimous pledge to obey God’s commandments underscores the importance of living a life of obedience and faithfulness.
    • The Mountain as a Symbolic Space: Mount Sinai represents a sacred space where humanity encounters the divine, a place of revelation and covenant.

    ❓ FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions ❓

    Let’s address some common questions about Exodus 24:

    Q: What is the significance of the twelve pillars in Exodus 24:4?
    A: The twelve pillars represent the twelve tribes of Israel, symbolizing the unity of the nation under God’s covenant. They serve as a physical reminder of the covenant relationship and the collective responsibility of the people.

    Q: How does the blood sacrifice in Exodus 24 foreshadow the sacrifice of Christ?
    A: The blood sacrifice in Exodus 24 prefigures the ultimate sacrifice of Christ on the Cross. Just as the blood of animals cleansed the people of Israel from sin and ratified the covenant, Christ’s blood cleanses us from sin and establishes a new and everlasting covenant.

    Q: What does the “devouring fire” represent in Exodus 24:17?
    A: The “devouring fire” symbolizes God’s holiness, power, and justice. It serves as a warning against approaching God lightly and emphasizes the need for reverence and purification before encountering His presence.

    Q: Why did Moses stay on Mount Sinai for forty days and nights?
    A: Moses’ forty-day sojourn on Mount Sinai represents a period of intense communion with God. During this time, he received the tablets of stone inscribed with the Law and deepened his understanding of God’s will. The extended time also signifies dedication and the importance of setting aside dedicated time for spiritual growth.

    🎉 Conclusion 🎉

    Exodus 24: Ratifying the Covenant with Blood, is a powerful chapter that reveals the depth and solemnity of the covenant between God and Israel. The sacrifices, the vision of God, and the receiving of the law on the mountain all point to the unwavering commitment of God. The key takeaway is that God keeps his promises and He has bound Himself to us through Covenant. This covenant ratified with blood foreshadows the ultimate covenant established through the blood of Jesus Christ. We are called to respond to God’s love with obedience, faithfulness, and a sincere desire to draw nearer to Him. Let us strive to live lives worthy of this great covenant, reflecting God’s glory in our words and actions. Ultimately, may we all strive to draw closer to God everyday of our lives, and allow Him to change us, and sanctify us. Let us take the time to read scripture and to pray everyday, so that we may be worthy of calling ourselves Christians, and partakers in the Covenant which God has made with us.

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    Exodus 24, Covenant, Mount Sinai, Blood Sacrifice, Coptic Orthodox, Patristic, Theology, Moses, Old Testament, Law

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    Explore Exodus 24 through a Coptic Orthodox lens. Discover the covenant ratified with blood, its foreshadowing of Christ, and its lasting spiritual implications. Learn about the **Covenant with Blood** today!

  • Exodus 21 – Laws About Servants and Personal Injuries

    Justice and Compassion: Understanding Exodus 21 – Laws About Servants and Personal Injuries

    Executive Summary ✨

    Exodus 21, often titled “Laws About Servants and Personal Injuries,” delves into the intricate framework of justice and compassion within the covenant community. This chapter reveals God’s concern for the vulnerable, outlining regulations for Hebrew servants, compensation for personal injuries, and liability for animal-related incidents. It establishes a system that seeks to balance fairness and mercy, acknowledging the inherent dignity of every individual, even those in servitude. Examining these laws through a Coptic Orthodox lens reveals a profound emphasis on repentance, reconciliation, and the restoration of wholeness, echoing the saving work of Christ. These ancient laws are not merely historical relics, but living reminders of our call to love, protect, and advocate for justice in our modern world. The concept of restorative justice present here guides our relationship with God and with one another. Furthermore, our understanding of laws about servants helps us appreciate the link for website hosting.

    Exodus 21 lays out specific ordinances addressing human interaction within the Israelite community. These are more than just ancient legal precedents; they provide timeless spiritual truths for all believers. We will delve into how these laws reflect God’s righteousness, mercy, and His desire for a just society, and how they still apply to us today.

    Commentary on Exodus 21

    Laws Concerning Hebrew Servants (Exodus 21:1-11)

    Exodus 21:2 (KJV): If thou buy an Hebrew servant, six years he shall serve: and in the seventh he shall go out free for nothing.

    Exodus 21:2 (NKJV): If you buy a Hebrew servant, he shall serve six years; and in the seventh he shall go out free and pay nothing.

    This verse sets the tone for the entire chapter, immediately establishing limits on servitude within the Israelite community. It’s crucial to understand that this was not chattel slavery as we often understand it historically. This was often a form of debt-bondage, a means of survival during times of famine or economic hardship. God, in His mercy, provides a built-in safeguard: a maximum of six years of service. The seventh year is a year of release, a year of freedom. From a Coptic Orthodox perspective, this resonates deeply with the concept of metanoia, or repentance. The servant is given an opportunity to start anew, free from the burdens of the past. This resonates with the words of Christ, “If the Son makes you free, you shall be free indeed” (John 8:36).

    St. Cyril of Alexandria comments on the spirit of these laws, writing, “Οὐ γὰρ ἐπὶ καταδυναστείᾳ καὶ πλεονεξίᾳ τὰ τοιαῦτα θεσμοθετεῖ ὁ Θεός, ἀλλ᾽ ἐπὶ διορθώσει τῶν ἀνθρωπίνων βίων καὶ εἰσαγωγῇ τῆς δικαιοσύνης.” (Ou gar epi katadynasteia kai pleonexia ta toiauta thesmothetei ho Theos, all’ epi diorthosei ton anthropon bivion kai eisagoge tes dikaiosynes.) “For God does not establish such laws for oppression and greed, but for the correction of human lives and the introduction of righteousness.” (Cyril of Alexandria, Commentary on Exodus).

    Spiritual Application: Are we holding anyone captive with bitterness, unforgiveness, or unrealistic expectations? This verse challenges us to release others and ourselves from the bonds that hinder spiritual growth.

    Exodus 21:4 (KJV): If his master have given him a wife, and she have born him sons or daughters; the wife and her children shall be her master’s, and he shall go out by himself.

    Exodus 21:4 (NKJV): If his master has given him a wife and she has borne him sons or daughters, the wife and her children shall be his master’s, and he shall go out by himself.

    This verse introduces a complex scenario: if the servant receives a wife from his master during his servitude, she and their children remain the property of the master upon his release. This seemingly harsh condition highlights the difficult choices individuals faced in that era. It also reveals the social stratification and the limited rights of women and children. However, God’s ultimate purpose is not to perpetuate injustice, but to move people towards greater freedom and justice. Through Christ, all are offered true liberation. The ancient near east societal norms were starkly different from our own. Understanding the cultural context helps us to interpret the moral intent, and not get lost in the specific practice.

    Spiritual Application: Do we recognize the unseen societal structures that bind and limit others? How can we work to dismantle systems of oppression and advocate for the marginalized?

    Exodus 21:5-6 (KJV): And if the servant shall plainly say, I love my master, my wife, and my children; I will not go out free: Then his master shall bring him unto the judges; he shall also bring him to the door, or unto the door post; and his master shall bore his ear through with an aul; and he shall serve him for ever.

    Exodus 21:5-6 (NKJV): But if the servant plainly says, ‘I love my master, my wife, and my children; I will not go out free,’ then his master shall bring him to the judges. He shall also bring him to the door, or to the doorpost, and his master shall pierce his ear with an awl; and he shall serve him for life.

    Here, we find a remarkable exception: the servant can choose to remain in servitude out of love and loyalty. This act of voluntarily staying highlights the depth of relationship that could exist even within the framework of servitude. The piercing of the ear is a symbolic act, marking him as a permanent member of the household, a willing servant. In the Coptic Orthodox tradition, our baptism is also a symbolic marking, signifying our commitment to Christ. We are called to be willing servants of God, motivated by love, not obligation. This echoes the sentiment of St. Paul who calls himself a “bondservant of Jesus Christ” (Romans 1:1).

    Spiritual Application: Are we serving God out of duty or out of love? Is our commitment marked by a genuine desire to be a lifelong servant of Christ?

    Laws Concerning Personal Injuries (Exodus 21:18-36)

    Exodus 21:22-25 (KJV): If men strive, and hurt a woman with child, so that her fruit depart from her, and yet no mischief follow: he shall be surely fined, according as the woman’s husband will lay upon him; and he shall pay as the judges determine. And if any mischief follow, then thou shalt give life for life, Eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, Burning for burning, wound for wound, stripe for stripe.

    Exodus 21:22-25 (NKJV): If men fight, and hurt a woman with child, so that she gives birth prematurely, yet no lasting harm follows, he shall surely be punished according to what the woman’s husband imposes on him; and he shall pay as the judges determine. But if any lasting harm follows, then you shall give life for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, burn for burn, wound for wound, stripe for stripe.

    This section addresses the delicate and sensitive issue of violence, particularly involving pregnant women. The punishments outlined, often summarized as “eye for an eye,” are not intended as barbaric vengeance but as a principle of lex talionis, or proportionate retribution. This aimed to limit escalation of violence and ensure that the punishment fit the crime. The loss of a child, even in the womb, is recognized as a grave offense. Within Coptic Orthodox understanding of personhood and the sanctity of life, we understand that life begins at conception. The legal remedies are designed to affirm the inherent value of all life.

    It is important to note that Christ, in the Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 5:38-42), reframes this principle, not to abolish justice, but to elevate it. He calls us to a higher standard of forgiveness and non-retaliation. However, the underlying principle of justice remains: actions have consequences, and perpetrators are accountable for their harm.

    Spiritual Application: Are we quick to retaliate when wronged, or do we strive to embody Christ’s call to forgiveness and reconciliation? How can we advocate for the vulnerable and protect the sanctity of life at all stages?

    Exodus 21:28-29 (KJV): If an ox gore a man or a woman, that they die: then the ox shall be surely stoned, and his flesh shall not be eaten; but the owner of the ox shall be quit. But if the ox were wont to push with his horn in time past, and it hath been testified to his owner, and he hath not kept him in, but that he hath killed a man or a woman; the ox shall be stoned, and his owner also shall be put to death.

    Exodus 21:28-29 (NKJV): If an ox gores a man or a woman to death, then the ox shall surely be stoned, and its flesh shall not be eaten. But the owner of the ox shall be acquitted. But if the ox tended to thrust with its horn in times past, and it has been made known to his owner, and he has not kept it confined, so that it has killed a man or a woman, the ox shall be stoned, and its owner also shall be put to death.

    These verses deal with liability for animal-related incidents. If an ox, known to be dangerous, is allowed to roam free and kills someone, the owner is held responsible and even put to death. This underscores the importance of responsibility and the consequences of negligence. It highlights the obligation to protect others from harm, even when it involves animals. The death penalty, in this case, demonstrates the seriousness of failing to take preventative measures that could prevent loss of life.

    Spiritual Application: Are we mindful of the potential harm our actions (or inactions) can cause to others? Do we take responsibility for the safety and well-being of those around us?

    Subtopic Sections

    Let’s consider some key takeaways from this chapter and apply them to our modern lives:

    • ✨ The Dignity of the Human Person: Even in a society with servitude, God’s law emphasizes the inherent worth of every individual.
    • 💡 Responsibility and Accountability: Our actions have consequences, and we are responsible for the harm we cause, intentionally or through negligence.
    • 📖 Restorative Justice: The emphasis on compensation and restoration reflects a desire to heal the wounds of injustice and reconcile relationships.
    • 📜 Mercy and Forgiveness: While justice is paramount, the chapter also hints at the need for mercy and forgiveness, as seen in the provision for voluntary servitude.
    • 🕊️ Advocacy for the Vulnerable: God’s law consistently prioritizes the protection of the vulnerable, including servants, women, and children.
    • 🔑 Following Christ’s Example: As Christians, we are called to transcend the “eye for an eye” mentality and embody Christ’s example of love, forgiveness, and self-sacrifice.

    FAQ ❓

    Here are some frequently asked questions about Exodus 21:

    Q: Why does God allow slavery in the Old Testament?
    A: The servitude described in Exodus 21 is often debt-bondage, not the chattel slavery prevalent in later history. God regulated the practice to protect the vulnerable and limit exploitation. It’s important to remember that the Old Testament laws were progressive for their time and paved the way for a more just and equitable society.

    Q: Is the “eye for an eye” principle still relevant today?
    A: While Christ reframes this principle in the Sermon on the Mount, the underlying concept of proportionate justice remains important. It reminds us that actions have consequences and that perpetrators must be held accountable for their harm. However, as Christians, we are called to temper justice with mercy and forgiveness.

    Q: How does Exodus 21 relate to modern labor laws?
    A: The principles of fair treatment, compensation for injuries, and the protection of workers are all rooted in the ethical framework established in Exodus 21. While the specific laws may not be directly applicable, the underlying principles of justice and compassion continue to inform our understanding of labor rights.

    Q: How can I apply the teachings of Exodus 21 in my daily life?
    A: By striving to treat everyone with dignity and respect, advocating for the vulnerable, taking responsibility for your actions, and seeking to restore relationships when you have caused harm. Consider how you can practice forgiveness, demonstrate compassion, and promote justice in your relationships, workplace, and community. The principles of justice and compassion are timeless.

    Conclusion

    Exodus 21, a chapter filled with seemingly archaic laws, is a testament to God’s unwavering concern for justice, compassion, and the inherent dignity of every human being. From the regulations regarding Hebrew servants to the provisions for personal injuries, the underlying message is clear: we are called to treat one another with fairness, mercy, and respect. These ancient laws foreshadow the ultimate fulfillment of justice and redemption in Christ, who sets us free from the bondage of sin and empowers us to live lives of love and service. Understanding the nuance and societal dynamics of Exodus 21 enables a more robust understanding of the gospel. May we, as Coptic Orthodox Christians, strive to embody these principles in our daily lives, becoming agents of healing, reconciliation, and transformation in a world desperately in need of God’s grace. This chapter emphasizes the importance of restorative justice, a theme central to both Old and New Testaments.

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    justice, compassion, servants, personal injuries, law, exodus, coptic orthodox, theology, bible commentary, forgiveness

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    Explore Exodus 21 – Laws About Servants and Personal Injuries – through a Coptic Orthodox lens. Discover profound insights on justice, compassion, and restorative justice.