Pope Kirillos

Tag: Great Commission

  • Mark 16 – The Resurrection and the Great Commission

    The Glorious Resurrection: A Coptic Orthodox Commentary on Mark 16

    Executive Summary

    Mark 16 recounts the pivotal event of Christian history: the Resurrection of Jesus Christ. This chapter details the women’s visit to the tomb, their discovery of the empty sepulcher, the angelic announcement of Jesus’s rising, and various appearances of the resurrected Lord to His disciples. The chapter culminates in the Great Commission, where Jesus commands His followers to preach the Gospel to all nations and baptize them in the name of the Trinity. This charge, central to our [ministry website](https://dohost.us), forms the bedrock of the Church’s mission and our individual calling to share the Good News and live a life transformed by the risen Christ. The Resurrection is not merely a historical event; it is the cornerstone of our faith, offering hope, forgiveness, and eternal life to all who believe.

    Introduction: Mark 16 is arguably the most important chapter in the New Testament because it details the triumphant culmination of Christ’s earthly ministry and the dawn of a new era for humanity. It is a declaration that death has been defeated and that eternal life is possible through faith in the resurrected Lord. Let us delve into each verse, exploring its profound implications for our lives and our faith, examining the historical context, and gleaning insights from the Church Fathers.

    Commentary on Mark 16

    Mark 16:1 (KJV): And when the sabbath was past, Mary Magdalene, and Mary the mother of James, and Salome, had bought sweet spices, that they might come and anoint him.

    Mark 16:1 (NKJV): Now when the Sabbath was past, Mary Magdalene, Mary the mother of James, and Salome bought spices, that they might come and anoint Him.

    Μαρία ἡ Μαγδαληνὴ καὶ Μαρία ἡ τοῦ Ἰακώβου καὶ Σαλώμη ἠγόρασαν ἀρώματα ἵνα ἐλθοῦσαι ἀλείψωσιν αὐτόν.

    Translation: “Mary Magdalene, Mary the mother of James, and Salome bought spices, so that they might come and anoint Him.”

    Following the Sabbath rest, these devoted women, driven by their love for the Lord, prepared to anoint Jesus’ body. This act, while customary, reveals their profound devotion and highlights the somber reality of death before the glorious revelation of the Resurrection. The fact that they brought spices highlights the cultural practices surrounding death and burial in 1st-century Judea. Spiritually, we can learn from their devotion, not simply to rituals, but to heartfelt service and love for Christ. Are we similarly moved to serve the Lord with unwavering devotion, even in the face of apparent defeat? We too, can offer our “spices” of prayer, acts of service, and devotion to Christ daily.

    Mark 16:2 (KJV): And very early in the morning the first day of the week, they came unto the sepulchre at the rising of the sun.

    Mark 16:2 (NKJV): Very early in the morning, on the first day of the week, they came to the tomb when the sun had risen.

    Καὶ λίαν πρωῒ τῇ μιᾷ σαββάτων ἔρχονται ἐπὶ τὸ μνημεῖον ἀνατείλαντος τοῦ ἡλίου.

    Translation: “And very early on the first of the Sabbaths, they came to the tomb when the sun had risen.”

    Their arrival “at the rising of the sun” is deeply symbolic. The sun represents Christ, the Light of the world, and His Resurrection marked the dawn of a new creation. Consider the words of St. Athanasius in *De Incarnatione* (Περὶ Ἐνανθρωπήσεως): “Ὁ Λόγος ἐνανθρώπησεν, ἵνα ἡμεῖς θεοποιηθῶμεν” (“The Word became flesh, so that we might become divinized”). Their early arrival shows their eagerness and love. Are we as eager to meet with Christ in prayer and communion each day? Do we seek Him at the dawn of our lives, placing Him first above all other things?

    Mark 16:3 (KJV): And they said among themselves, Who shall roll us away the stone from the door of the sepulchre?

    Mark 16:3 (NKJV): And they said among themselves, “Who will roll away the stone from the door of the tomb for us?”

    Καὶ ἔλεγον πρὸς ἑαυτὰς· Τίς ἀποκυλίσει ἡμῖν τὸν λίθον ἐκ τῆς θύρας τοῦ μνημείου;

    Translation: “And they said to themselves, ‘Who will roll away the stone for us from the door of the tomb?’”

    Their practical concern about the heavy stone reveals their human limitations and fears. They were unsure how they would overcome this obstacle. However, their love motivated them to proceed despite the apparent impossibility. This mirrors our own lives. We often face challenges that seem insurmountable. But just as God moved the stone, He can remove obstacles in our lives when we trust in Him. Do we allow fear to paralyze us, or do we step forward in faith, trusting that God will clear the path? St. Macarius the Great (Ἀββᾶ Μακάριος) in his *Homilies* teaches that “οὐδὲν ἀδύνατον παρὰ τῷ Θεῷ” (“Nothing is impossible with God”).

    Mark 16:4 (KJV): And when they looked, they saw that the stone was rolled away: for it was very great.

    Mark 16:4 (NKJV): But when they looked up, they saw that the stone had been rolled away—for it was very large.

    Καὶ ἀναβλέψασαι θεωροῦσιν ὅτι ἀποκεκύλισται ὁ λίθος· ἦν γὰρ μέγας σφόδρα.

    Translation: “And looking up, they see that the stone has been rolled away; for it was very large.”

    The stone being rolled away signifies the removal of the barrier between humanity and God. The stone, described as “very large,” symbolizes the immense power of death and the seemingly impenetrable barrier it represents. The fact that it was already moved when they arrived demonstrates God’s proactive intervention and His complete victory over death. This should fill us with hope and assurance that God is always working on our behalf, even before we are aware of our needs. Consider how often God has already prepared the way for you. Take a moment to reflect on times you were worried or fearful, only to find that God had already cleared the path. ✨

    Mark 16:5 (KJV): And entering into the sepulchre, they saw a young man sitting on the right side, clothed in a long white garment; and they were affrighted.

    Mark 16:5 (NKJV): And entering the tomb, they saw a young man clothed in a long white robe sitting on the right side; and they were alarmed.

    Καὶ εἰσελθοῦσαι εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον εἶδον νεανίσκον καθήμενον ἐν τοῖς δεξιοῖς περιβεβλημένον στολὴν λευκήν, καὶ ἐθαμβήθησαν.

    Translation: “And entering into the tomb, they saw a young man sitting on the right side, clothed in a white robe; and they were amazed.”

    The “young man” is an angel, representing God’s heavenly messengers. His presence inside the tomb and his white robe signify purity, glory, and the victory over death. The women’s fear is a natural human reaction to the supernatural. But this encounter should not inspire fear, but rather awe and reverence. Angels are not to be worshipped (Revelation 22:8-9), but their presence reminds us of the divine realm and God’s unwavering care. How can we overcome our fear of the unknown and embrace the spiritual realities that surround us? Prayer and the sacraments are powerful tools for grounding us in faith and diminishing fear. 🙏

    Mark 16:6 (KJV): And he saith unto them, Be not affrighted: Ye seek Jesus of Nazareth, which was crucified: he is risen; he is not here: behold the place where they laid him.

    Mark 16:6 (NKJV): But he said to them, “Do not be alarmed. You seek Jesus of Nazareth, who was crucified. He is risen! He is not here. See the place where they laid Him.

    Ὁ δὲ λέγει αὐταῖς· Μὴ ἐκθαμβεῖσθε· Ἰησοῦν ζητεῖτε τὸν Ναζαρηνὸν τὸν ἐσταυρωμένον· ἠγέρθη, οὐκ ἔστιν ὧδε· ἴδε ὁ τόπος ὅπου ἔθηκαν αὐτόν.

    Translation: “And he said to them, ‘Do not be amazed. You seek Jesus the Nazarene, the crucified one. He has risen; He is not here. See the place where they laid Him.’”

    The angel’s words are the heart of the Gospel: “He is risen!” This is the proclamation of victory over death, sin, and the power of darkness. The angel reminds them of Jesus’ identity as “Jesus the Nazarene, who was crucified,” grounding the Resurrection in historical reality. The empty tomb serves as irrefutable evidence. The fact that He “is not here” is the most significant truth in history. This changes everything. Death is not the end. There is hope beyond the grave. Embrace this truth and let it transform your perspective on life and death. The Resurrection is not just a past event; it is a present reality that empowers us to live a life of purpose and hope. 🕊️

    Mark 16:7 (KJV): But go your way, tell his disciples and Peter that he goeth before you into Galilee: there shall ye see him, as he said unto you.

    Mark 16:7 (NKJV): But go, tell His disciples—and Peter—that He is going before you into Galilee; there you will see Him, as He said to you.”

    Ἀλλὰ ὑπάγετε εἴπατε τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ καὶ τῷ Πέτρῳ ὅτι προάγει ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν Γαλιλαίαν· ἐκεῖ αὐτὸν ὄψεσθε, καθὼς εἶπεν ὑμῖν.

    Translation: “But go, tell His disciples and Peter that He is going before you into Galilee; there you will see Him, as He said to you.”

    The angel commissions the women to share the Good News with the disciples, specifically mentioning Peter. This inclusion is significant, as Peter had denied Jesus three times. It shows the Lord’s forgiveness and restoration, even after grave failures. Galilee, the region where Jesus spent much of His ministry, symbolizes a return to their familiar lives and the continuation of their mission. This highlights the importance of community, discipleship, and forgiveness in the Christian life. Even when we fail, God offers us a chance to start anew and continue His work. Are you carrying guilt or shame? Remember that Jesus’s forgiveness is available to you, just as it was for Peter. Seek restoration within the Church and embrace the opportunity to serve the Lord with renewed zeal. 📖

    Mark 16:8 (KJV): And they went out quickly, and fled from the sepulchre; for they trembled and were amazed: neither said they any thing to any man; for they were afraid.

    Mark 16:8 (NKJV): So they went out quickly and fled from the tomb, for they trembled and were amazed. And they said nothing to anyone, for they were afraid.

    Καὶ ἐξελθοῦσαι ἔφυγον ἀπὸ τοῦ μνημείου· εἶχε δὲ αὐτὰς τρόμος καὶ ἔκστασις, καὶ οὐδενὶ οὐδὲν εἶπον, ἐφοβοῦντο γάρ.

    Translation: “And going out, they fled from the tomb; for trembling and astonishment had seized them, and they said nothing to anyone, for they were afraid.”

    Their initial reaction of fear and silence is understandable, given the magnitude of the event. It highlights the overwhelming impact of the miraculous on human beings. While the women were initially afraid, their subsequent actions (as recounted in other Gospels) demonstrate their obedience and boldness in sharing the news of the Resurrection. This verse reminds us that faith is often a journey, not an instant transformation. We may experience moments of doubt and fear, but we are called to persevere and trust in the Lord. This should encourage patience with ourselves and others as we grow in faith. Understanding comes with time and perseverance. It also shows that the Gospel is something that overcomes fear! The Resurrection is the bedrock of our [evangelism strategies](https://dohost.us).

    Mark 16:9 (KJV): Now when Jesus was risen early the first day of the week, he appeared first to Mary Magdalene, out of whom he had cast seven devils.

    Mark 16:9 (NKJV): Now when He rose early on the first day of the week, He appeared first to Mary Magdalene, out of whom He had cast out seven demons.

    Ἀναστὰς δὲ πρωῒ πρώτῃ σαββάτου ἐφάνη πρῶτον Μαρίᾳ τῇ Μαγδαληνῇ, παρ’ ἧς ἐκβεβλήκει ἑπτὰ δαιμόνια.

    Translation: “Now having risen early on the first of the Sabbath, He appeared first to Mary Magdalene, from whom He had cast out seven demons.”

    Jesus’s first appearance to Mary Magdalene is significant. Mary, a woman who had been delivered from demonic possession, was chosen to be the first witness of the Resurrection. This underscores the transformative power of Christ and His special care for the marginalized and those in need of healing. This should inspire compassion and a commitment to ministering to those who are struggling. It also demonstrates that no one is beyond the reach of God’s grace and redemption. Are you actively seeking ways to serve those in need? Do you believe in the power of Christ to heal and restore broken lives? He restored hers; he can restore you! 💡

    Mark 16:10-11 (KJV): And she went and told them that had been with him, as they mourned and wept. And they, when they had heard that he was alive, and had been seen of her, believed not.

    Mark 16:10-11 (NKJV): She went and told those who had been with Him, as they mourned and wept. And when they heard that He was alive and had been seen by her, they did not believe.

    ἐκείνη πορευθεῖσα ἀπήγγειλεν τοῖς μετ’ αὐτοῦ γενομένοις πενθοῦσιν καὶ κλαίουσιν. κἀκεῖνοι ἀκούσαντες ὅτι ζῇ καὶ ἐθεάθη ὑπ’ αὐτῆς ἠπίστησαν.

    Translation: “She went and reported to those who had been with Him, mourning and weeping. And they, having heard that He was alive and had been seen by her, did not believe.”

    The disciples’ initial disbelief highlights the difficulty of accepting the Resurrection. They were consumed by grief and mourning, making it difficult to comprehend the miraculous news. Their skepticism underscores the importance of faith and the need for divine revelation. This reminds us that faith is not always easy. We may struggle with doubt and disbelief, but we must persevere in seeking the truth. The disciples eventually came to believe through personal encounters with the risen Christ. Are you struggling with doubt? Seek out the Lord in prayer, Scripture, and the sacraments. He will reveal Himself to you in His own time and in His own way. God’s timing is perfect. 🙏

    Mark 16:12-13 (KJV): After that he appeared in another form unto two of them, as they walked, and went into the country. And they went and told it unto the residue: neither believed they them.

    Mark 16:12-13 (NKJV): After that, He appeared in another form to two of them as they walked and went into the country. And they went and told it to the rest, but they did not believe them either.

    Μετὰ ταῦτα δυσὶν ἐξ αὐτῶν περιπατοῦσιν ἐφανερώθη ἐν ἑτέρᾳ μορφῇ πορευομένοις εἰς ἀγρόν. κἀκεῖνοι ἀπελθόντες ἀπήγγειλαν τοῖς λοιποῖς· οὐδὲ ἐκείνοις ἐπίστευσαν.

    Translation: “After these things, He appeared in another form to two of them as they walked, going into the country. And they, having gone away, reported to the rest; neither did they believe them.”

    Jesus’ appearance “in another form” suggests that His resurrected body was different from His earthly body, capable of transcending physical limitations. The disciples’ continued disbelief reinforces the point that the Resurrection is not easily accepted based on secondhand accounts. Personal experience and encounter with the risen Christ are essential for true faith. This section reinforces the need for personal encounter, not just head knowledge. Engage with Christ in the Word, in service, and in prayer so that your faith is deepened from within!

    Mark 16:14 (KJV): Afterward he appeared unto the eleven as they sat at meat, and upbraided them with their unbelief and hardness of heart, because they believed not them which had seen him after he was risen.

    Mark 16:14 (NKJV): Later He appeared to the eleven as they sat at the table; and He rebuked their unbelief and hardness of heart, because they did not believe those who had seen Him after He had risen.

    Ὕστερον ἀνακειμένοις αὐτοῖς τοῖς ἕνδεκα ἐφανερώθη, καὶ ὠνείδισεν τὴν ἀπιστίαν αὐτῶν καὶ σκληροκαρδίαν, ὅτι τοῖς θεασαμένοις αὐτὸν ἐγηγερμένον οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν.

    Translation: “Later, He appeared to the eleven as they reclined at the table, and He rebuked their unbelief and hardness of heart, because they did not believe those who had seen Him risen.”

    Jesus’s rebuke of the disciples highlights the seriousness of unbelief. Their “hardness of heart” prevented them from accepting the testimony of those who had seen Him. This serves as a warning against spiritual pride and resistance to the truth. We must be open to the possibility of the miraculous and willing to believe even when it challenges our preconceived notions. The Lord’s love is perfect; however, it does not condone stubborn unbelief. Are you open to the truth? Are you willing to examine your beliefs and challenge your own biases? Humility is essential for spiritual growth. ❤️

    Mark 16:15 (KJV): And he said unto them, Go ye into all the world, and preach the gospel to every creature.

    Mark 16:15 (NKJV): And He said to them, “Go into all the world and preach the gospel to every creature.

    Καὶ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς· Πορευθέντες εἰς τὸν κόσμον ἅπαντα κηρύξατε τὸ εὐαγγέλιον πάσῃ τῇ κτίσει.

    Translation: “And He said to them, ‘Go into all the world, and preach the gospel to every creature.’”

    This is the Great Commission, the central mandate for all Christians. Jesus commands His followers to “go into all the world” and “preach the Gospel to every creature.” This underscores the universality of the Gospel message and the responsibility of every believer to share it with others. The scope of the Great Commission is staggering, encompassing the entire world and every human being. Are you fulfilling your part in the Great Commission? Are you actively seeking opportunities to share the Gospel with those around you, through your words and actions? Consider supporting [Christian organizations](https://dohost.us) committed to spreading the word.🌍

    Mark 16:16 (KJV): He that believeth and is baptized shall be saved; but he that believeth not shall be damned.

    Mark 16:16 (NKJV): He who believes and is baptized will be saved; but he who does not believe will be condemned.

    Ὁ πιστεύσας καὶ βαπτισθεὶς σωθήσεται, ὁ δὲ ἀπιστήσας κατακριθήσεται.

    Translation: “He who believes and is baptized will be saved, but he who does not believe will be condemned.”

    Jesus emphasizes the importance of faith and baptism for salvation. Baptism is not merely a symbolic act; it is a sacrament through which we are united with Christ in His death and Resurrection, receiving forgiveness of sins and the gift of the Holy Spirit. Faith is the essential foundation, and baptism is the outward expression of that faith and a participation in Christ’s saving work. This verse makes a stark choice: believe and be saved; disbelieve and be condemned. Baptism, in the Coptic Orthodox tradition, is essential for entering into the Church and receiving the grace of salvation. Have you been baptized? Are you living a life of faith that reflects your commitment to Christ? 🌱

    Mark 16:17-18 (KJV): And these signs shall follow them that believe; In my name shall they cast out devils; they shall speak with new tongues; They shall take up serpents; and if they drink any deadly thing, it shall not hurt them; they shall lay hands on the sick, and they shall recover.

    Mark 16:17-18 (NKJV): And these signs will follow those who believe: In My name they will cast out demons; they will speak with new tongues; they will take up serpents; and if they drink anything deadly, it will by no means hurt them; they will lay hands on the sick, and they will recover.”

    Σημεῖα δὲ τοῖς πιστεύσασιν ταῦτα παρακολουθήσει· ἐν τῷ ὀνόματί μου δαιμόνια ἐκβαλοῦσιν, γλώσσαις λαλήσουσιν καιναῖς, ὄφεις ἀροῦσιν, κἂν θανάσιμόν τι πίωσιν οὐ μὴ αὐτοὺς βλάψει, ἐπὶ ἀρρώστους χεῖρας ἐπιθήσουσιν καὶ καλῶς ἕξουσιν.

    Translation: “And these signs will accompany those who have believed: in My name they will cast out demons, they will speak with new tongues, they will pick up serpents, and even if they drink anything deadly, it will not harm them; they will lay hands on the sick, and they will recover.”

    These signs are manifestations of God’s power working through believers. They are not intended as proof of faith, but as confirmations of the Gospel message and demonstrations of God’s love and compassion. These gifts are not granted to all believers in the same way, but they are available to those who are called to exercise them for the glory of God and the building up of the Church. Some interpret these signs literally, while others see them as symbolic representations of spiritual power and authority. Regardless of the interpretation, the key takeaway is that believers are empowered to overcome evil, speak the truth, and heal the broken. Focus on cultivating a deep relationship with God and seeking His will for your life. He will empower you to be a channel of His grace and healing in the world. 🙏

    Mark 16:19 (KJV): So then after the Lord had spoken unto them, he was received up into heaven, and sat on the right hand of God.

    Mark 16:19 (NKJV): So then, after the Lord had spoken to them, He was received up into heaven, and sat at the right hand of God.

    Ὁ μὲν οὖν κύριος μετὰ τὸ λαλῆσαι αὐτοῖς ἀνελήμφθη εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ ἐκάθισεν ἐκ δεξιῶν τοῦ Θεοῦ.

    Translation: “So then, the Lord, after speaking to them, was taken up into heaven and sat at the right hand of God.”

    Jesus’s ascension marks the completion of His earthly ministry and His return to the Father. His sitting at the “right hand of God” signifies His supreme authority and glory. The Ascension is not an absence, but a presence in power. This provides hope and assurance that He is interceding for us and will return again in glory. Consider the teachings of St. Cyril of Alexandria (Ἅγιος Κύριλλος Ἀλεξανδρείας) in his *Commentary on John* (Εἰς τὸ κατὰ Ἰωάννην Εὐαγγέλιον), where he states that “ὁ Χριστὸς ἀνέβη ἵνα ἑτοιμάσῃ τόπον ἡμῖν” (“Christ ascended to prepare a place for us”). What a glorious promise! This reminds us that our ultimate destiny is with Christ in heaven. Live with eternity in mind, and let the hope of heaven inspire you to live a life of holiness and service. ✨

    Mark 16:20 (KJV): And they went forth, and preached every where, the Lord working with them, and confirming the word with signs following. Amen.

    Mark 16:20 (NKJV): And they went out and preached everywhere, the Lord working with them and confirming the word through the accompanying signs. Amen.

    Ἐκεῖνοι δὲ ἐξελθόντες ἐκήρυξαν πανταχοῦ, τοῦ κυρίου συνεργοῦντος καὶ τὸν λόγον βεβαιοῦντος διὰ τῶν ἐπακολουθούντων σημείων. Ἀμήν.

    Translation: “And they, having gone out, preached everywhere, the Lord working with them and confirming the word through the accompanying signs. Amen.”

    The disciples’ obedience and the Lord’s active participation in their ministry underscores the importance of cooperation between God and humanity in spreading the Gospel. The “signs following” confirm the truth of their message and demonstrate the power of God working through them. This verse concludes the Gospel of Mark with a powerful reminder that the work of evangelism is not done in our own strength, but through the power of the Holy Spirit. Be obedient to God’s call, trust in His power, and watch as He works through you to transform the world. The Resurrection is not just a historical event; it is a living power that continues to transform lives today. Amen! 📖

    Key Reflections from Mark 16

    The chapter is a testament to hope, faith, and the divine commission. Here are a few important reflections:

    • The Resurrection is central: It is the foundation of Christian faith, hope, and salvation. Without it, our faith is meaningless.
    • Divine Commission: Every believer is called to participate in the Great Commission, sharing the Gospel with the world.
    • Power of Forgiveness: The inclusion of Peter highlights the restorative power of God’s forgiveness, even after significant failures.
    • Signs and Wonders: The signs that follow believers are confirmations of God’s power and presence in their lives.
    • Cooperation with God: Spreading the Gospel requires active participation and trust in God’s power working through us.
    • The Power of Faith: Even with the supernatural on display, the disciples struggled to have faith, underscoring the importance of faith and its essential nature.

    FAQ ❓

    • Q: Why did the women go to the tomb with spices?

      A: It was a customary practice in Jewish culture to anoint the body of the deceased with spices for preservation and to mask the odor of decomposition. The women were showing their love and respect for Jesus, albeit unaware of the miraculous event that had already taken place.

    • Q: What is the significance of Jesus appearing first to Mary Magdalene?

      A: Mary Magdalene, a woman who had been delivered from demonic possession, was chosen to be the first witness. This underscores the transformative power of Christ’s love and grace and His special care for the marginalized, thus providing a pivotal paradigm of God’s character.

    • Q: How should we interpret the signs that follow believers mentioned in Mark 16:17-18?

      A: Some see these signs as literal manifestations of God’s power, while others see them as symbolic representations of spiritual authority. Regardless, they demonstrate God’s power working through believers.

    • Q: What does it mean that Jesus ascended to the right hand of God?

      A: His ascension marks the completion of His earthly ministry and His return to the Father. Sitting at the “right hand of God” symbolizes His supreme authority, glory, and intercessory role on our behalf.

    Conclusion

    Mark 16 beautifully encapsulates the triumph of the Resurrection and the foundational call to evangelism. The empty tomb, the angelic announcement, and the appearances of the risen Lord are not just historical events; they are living realities that continue to transform lives. The disciples’ initial disbelief underscores the difficulty of comprehending the miraculous, but it also demonstrates that God’s grace is available to all who seek Him. The chapter culminates in the Great Commission, where Jesus commands His followers to “go into all the world and preach the gospel to every creature.” This call is not only for the original disciples, but for every believer today. We are called to share the Good News of the risen Christ, relying on His power and grace to confirm the truth of our message. Let us go forth with boldness and faith, knowing that the Lord is working with us and confirming His word through the accompanying signs. The focus key phrase here is The Glorious Resurrection, and the implication that all believers must share this message to others.

    Tags

    Resurrection, Great Commission, Mary Magdalene, Gospel, Faith, Disciples, Ascension, Salvation, Baptism, Mark 16

    Meta Description

    Explore the Coptic Orthodox perspective on Mark 16: The Glorious Resurrection and Great Commission. Uncover the transformative power of Christ’s resurrection for your life!

  • Matthew 28 – The Resurrection and the Great Commission

    Encountering the Resurrected Christ: A Coptic Orthodox Commentary on Matthew 28

    Executive Summary ✨

    Matthew 28, the concluding chapter of the Gospel according to St. Matthew, unveils the cornerstone of our faith: the resurrection of Jesus Christ. This chapter isn’t just a historical account; it’s a profound theological statement. It begins with the discovery of the empty tomb, followed by angelic proclamations and Christ’s own appearances to Mary Magdalene and the other women. The chapter culminates in the Great Commission, where Jesus commands his disciples to go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. Understanding Matthew 28 is crucial for grasping the core tenets of Christianity: the victory over death, the divine authority of Jesus, and the call to evangelization. This verse-by-verse commentary will unpack the historical, theological, and spiritual significance of this pivotal chapter from a Coptic Orthodox perspective, deepening our appreciation for the resurrected Christ and His enduring mission.

    This commentary focuses on the profound implications of Matthew 28 – The Resurrection and the Great Commission, exploring its Coptic Orthodox interpretation.

    Commentary Sections 📖

    Matthew 28:1

    Greek: Ὀψὲ δὲ σαββάτων, τῇ ἐπιφωσκούσῃ εἰς μίαν σαββάτων, ἦλθεν Μαριὰμ ἡ Μαγδαληνὴ καὶ ἡ ἄλλη Μαριὰμ θεωρῆσαι τὸν τάφον.

    English: Now after the Sabbath, as the first day of the week began to dawn, Mary Magdalene and the other Mary came to see the tomb.

    The timing is significant. “After the Sabbath” (Ὀψὲ δὲ σαββάτων) marks the transition from the old covenant law, symbolized by the Sabbath rest, to the new covenant of grace inaugurated by the resurrection. “As the first day of the week began to dawn” (τῇ ἐπιφωσκούσῃ εἰς μίαν σαββάτων) is not merely a chronological detail. It foreshadows the dawn of a new era, a new creation, where Christ, the Sun of Righteousness, rises to dispel the darkness of sin and death. The presence of Mary Magdalene and “the other Mary” demonstrates their unwavering devotion. Despite the danger and grief, they were compelled to visit the tomb. This unwavering loyalty is a testament to the power of love and a model for our own faithfulness.

    Spiritual Application: Let us emulate the devotion of Mary Magdalene and the other Mary, seeking Christ even in moments of darkness and despair. May we be faithful in our love and service to Him, even when it is difficult.

    Matthew 28:2-4

    Greek: καὶ ἰδοὺ σεισμὸς ἐγένετο μέγας· ἄγγελος γὰρ Κυρίου καταβὰς ἐξ οὐρανοῦ προσελθὼν ἀπεκύλισεν τὸν λίθον ἀπὸ τῆς θύρας καὶ ἐκάθητο ἐπάνω αὐτοῦ· ἦν δὲ ἡ εἰδέα αὐτοῦ ὡς ἀστραπή, καὶ τὸ ἔνδυμα αὐτοῦ λευκὸν ὡς χιών· ἀπὸ δὲ τοῦ φόβου αὐτοῦ ἐσείσθησαν οἱ τηροῦντες καὶ ἐγένοντο ὡς νεκροί.

    English: And behold, there was a great earthquake; for an angel of the Lord descended from heaven, and came and rolled back the stone from the door, and sat on it. His countenance was like lightning, and his clothing as white as snow. And the guards shook for fear of him, and became like dead men.

    The earthquake (σεισμὸς ἐγένετο μέγας) symbolizes the upheaval caused by the resurrection. It’s not just a physical event; it’s a cosmic disruption, signifying the shattering of death’s power. The angel’s appearance (ἡ εἰδέα αὐτοῦ ὡς ἀστραπή, καὶ τὸ ἔνδυμα αὐτοῦ λευκὸν ὡς χιών) underscores the divine nature of the event. Lightning and snow represent divine purity and power. The guards, representing the earthly authority that sought to suppress the truth, are paralyzed with fear (ἐγένοντο ὡς νεκροί). This is a direct parallel to the fear experienced by Pharaoh’s army at the Red Sea. Their powerlessness illustrates the futility of opposing God’s will. The stone being rolled away is not to let Jesus out, but to let the witnesses *in* to see that He has risen.

    St. Cyril of Alexandria writes, “Οὐχ ἵνα ὁ Κύριος ἐξέλθῃ, ἀλλ’ ἵνα τοῖς ἀνθρώποις δείξῃ τὸν κενὸν τάφον.” (“Not so that the Lord might go out, but so that he might show the empty tomb to the people.”) (Cyril of Alexandria, *Commentary on Matthew*, PG 72:452)

    Spiritual Application: The resurrection is a powerful force that shakes the foundations of our lives, challenging our preconceived notions and inviting us to embrace a new reality in Christ. Let us not fear the upheaval that comes with following Him.

    Matthew 28:5-7

    Greek: Ἀποκριθεὶς δὲ ὁ ἄγγελος εἶπεν ταῖς γυναιξίν· Μὴ φοβεῖσθε ὑμεῖς· οἶδα γὰρ ὅτι Ἰησοῦν τὸν ἐσταυρωμένον ζητεῖτε. οὐκ ἔστιν ὧδε· ἐγήγερται γὰρ, καθὼς εἶπεν· δεῦτε ἴδετε τὸν τόπον ὅπου ἔκειτο ὁ Κύριος· καὶ ταχὺ πορευθεῖσαι εἴπατε τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ ὅτι ἐγήγερται ἀπὸ τῶν νεκρῶν, καὶ ἰδοὺ προάγει ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν Γαλιλαίαν· ἐκεῖ αὐτὸν ὄψεσθε. ἰδοὺ εἶπον ὑμῖν.

    English: But the angel answered and said to the women, “Do not be afraid, for I know that you seek Jesus who was crucified. He is not here; for He is risen, as He said. Come, see the place where the Lord lay. And go quickly and tell His disciples that He is risen from the dead, and indeed He is going before you into Galilee; there you will see Him. Behold, I have told you.”

    The angel’s first words are “Do not be afraid” (Μὴ φοβεῖσθε ὑμεῖς). This reassurance is crucial, as fear is a common response to encountering the divine. The angel affirms their quest for Jesus (οἶδα γὰρ ὅτι Ἰησοῦν τὸν ἐσταυρωμένον ζητεῖτε), acknowledging their faithfulness and devotion. The proclamation “He is not here; for He is risen” (οὐκ ἔστιν ὧδε· ἐγήγερται γὰρ) is the central message of the Gospel. It confirms the victory over death and the fulfillment of Jesus’ own prophecies. The instruction to “Come, see the place where the Lord lay” (δεῦτε ἴδετε τὸν τόπον ὅπου ἔκειτο ὁ Κύριος) invites them to verify the truth of the resurrection. This is important, as faith is not blind; it is based on evidence and experience. They are then commissioned to tell the disciples (εἴπατε τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ) to go to Galilee, where they will see Him. Galilee, often associated with the beginning of Jesus’ ministry, symbolizes a new beginning, a fresh start for the disciples.

    Spiritual Application: The resurrection removes our fear and fills us with hope. We are called to seek Christ, to witness the empty tomb, and to share the good news with others.

    Matthew 28:8

    Greek: καὶ ἀπελθοῦσαι ταχὺ ἀπὸ τοῦ μνημείου μετὰ φόβου καὶ χαρᾶς μεγάλης ἔδραμον ἀπαγγεῖλαι τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ.

    English: So they went out quickly from the tomb with fear and great joy, and ran to tell His disciples.

    Their reaction is a mixture of “fear and great joy” (μετὰ φόβου καὶ χαρᾶς μεγάλης). The fear stems from the awe of encountering the divine and the uncertainty of what the resurrection means. The great joy comes from the overwhelming realization that death has been defeated. This mixture of emotions reflects the human experience of encountering God. They “ran to tell His disciples” (ἔδραμον ἀπαγγεῖλαι τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ), demonstrating their eagerness to share the good news. This highlights the importance of evangelization.

    Spiritual Application: Let us approach God with reverence and awe, but also with great joy and enthusiasm. And let us be eager to share the good news of the resurrection with everyone we meet. Consider using e-commerce solutions to spread your spiritual message online.

    Matthew 28:9-10

    Greek: καὶ ἰδοὺ Ἰησοῦς ἀπήντησεν αὐταῖς λέγων· Χαίρετε. αἱ δὲ προσελθοῦσαι ἐκράτησαν αὐτοῦ τοὺς πόδας καὶ προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ. τότε λέγει αὐταῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς· Μὴ φοβεῖσθε· ὑπάγετε ἀπαγγείλατε τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς μου ἵνα ἀπέλθωσιν εἰς τὴν Γαλιλαίαν, κἀκεῖ με ὄψονται.

    English: And as they went to tell His disciples, behold, Jesus met them, saying, “Rejoice!” So they came and held Him by the feet and worshiped Him. Then Jesus said to them, “Do not be afraid. Go and tell My brethren to go to Galilee, and there they will see Me.”

    Jesus meets them, saying, “Rejoice!” (Χαίρετε). This greeting underscores the joy and triumph of the resurrection. Their act of holding Him by the feet and worshiping Him (ἐκράτησαν αὐτοῦ τοὺς πόδας καὶ προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ) demonstrates their recognition of His divinity and their deep love for Him. Jesus again tells them, “Do not be afraid” (Μὴ φοβεῖσθε), reinforcing the message that the resurrection brings freedom from fear. He refers to the disciples as “My brethren” (τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς μου), highlighting the familial relationship He has with those who follow Him. The reiteration of the instruction to go to Galilee emphasizes its importance.

    Spiritual Application: In the presence of the risen Christ, we find joy and freedom from fear. We are invited to worship Him and to embrace our relationship with Him as our brother and friend.

    Matthew 28:11-15

    These verses detail the conspiracy of the chief priests and elders to suppress the truth of the resurrection. They bribe the soldiers to spread a false narrative, claiming that the disciples stole the body while they slept. This highlights the opposition that the Gospel will inevitably face and the lengths to which those in power will go to maintain their control. The fact that the soldiers, who were entrusted with guarding the tomb, accepted the bribe and spread the lie demonstrates the corruption and dishonesty that existed even in the face of such a miraculous event. This fabricated story circulated widely among the Jews and persists even to this day. This demonstrates the ongoing spiritual battle between truth and falsehood.

    Spiritual Application: We must be discerning and vigilant against falsehoods and deception, always seeking the truth in Christ. We should expect opposition and remain steadfast in our faith.

    Matthew 28:16-17

    Greek: Οἱ δὲ ἕνδεκα μαθηταὶ ἐπορεύθησαν εἰς τὴν Γαλιλαίαν, εἰς τὸ ὄρος οὗ ἐτάξατο αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς· καὶ ἰδόντες αὐτὸν προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ, οἱ δὲ ἐδίστασαν.

    English: Then the eleven disciples went away into Galilee, to the mountain which Jesus had appointed for them. When they saw Him, they worshiped Him; but some doubted.

    The eleven disciples obey Jesus’ command and go to Galilee (εἰς τὴν Γαλιλαίαν). This obedience is crucial. Galilee, as mentioned before, symbolizes a new beginning. They worshiped Him (προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ), acknowledging His divinity. However, “some doubted” (οἱ δὲ ἐδίστασαν). This honesty is remarkable. Even in the presence of the resurrected Christ, some struggled with doubt. This shows that doubt is not necessarily the opposite of faith; it can be a part of the journey of faith. It reminds us that even those closest to Jesus experienced moments of uncertainty. The mountain (εἰς τὸ ὄρος) is a place of encounter with God, reminiscent of Mount Sinai. It is a place where God reveals Himself.

    Spiritual Application: Obedience is essential for encountering Christ. Even when we struggle with doubt, we can still worship Him and seek His guidance. He meets us where we are, even in our uncertainty.

    Matthew 28:18

    Greek: καὶ προσελθὼν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐλάλησεν αὐτοῖς λέγων· Ἐδόθη μοι πᾶσα ἐξουσία ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς.

    English: And Jesus came and spoke to them, saying, “All authority has been given to Me in heaven and on earth.”

    Jesus approaches them (προσελθὼν ὁ Ἰησοῦς), taking the initiative to speak. He declares, “All authority has been given to Me in heaven and on earth” (Ἐδόθη μοι πᾶσα ἐξουσία ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς). This is a pivotal statement, establishing His absolute sovereignty and divine power. This authority is not something He seized; it was *given* to Him. This reflects the eternal relationship between the Father and the Son, as affirmed in the Nicene Creed. He is not merely a teacher or a prophet; He is the King of Kings and Lord of Lords.

    Spiritual Application: We must recognize and submit to the authority of Jesus Christ in every aspect of our lives. He is the ultimate source of power and guidance. He is the final arbiter of truth and justice.

    Matthew 28:19-20 (The Great Commission)

    Greek: πορευθέντες οὖν μαθητεύσατε πάντα τὰ ἔθνη, βαπτίζοντες αὐτοὺς εἰς τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Πατρὸς καὶ τοῦ Υἱοῦ καὶ τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος, διδάσκοντες αὐτοὺς τηρεῖν πάντα ὅσα ἐνετειλάμην ὑμῖν· καὶ ἰδοὺ ἐγὼ μεθ’ ὑμῶν εἰμι πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας ἕως τῆς συντελείας τοῦ αἰῶνος.

    English: Go therefore and make disciples of all the nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, teaching them to observe all things that I have commanded you; and lo, I am with you always, even to the end of the age.”

    The Great Commission is the culmination of Matthew’s Gospel. “Go therefore and make disciples of all the nations” (πορευθέντες οὖν μαθητεύσατε πάντα τὰ ἔθνη) is a universal mandate. It is not limited to a specific time or place. Making disciples (μαθητεύσατε) is more than just evangelism; it involves teaching and nurturing believers to live according to Christ’s teachings. “Baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit” (βαπτίζοντες αὐτοὺς εἰς τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Πατρὸς καὶ τοῦ Υἱοῦ καὶ τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος) is the initiatory sacrament of Christian life. It signifies cleansing from sin and union with Christ. This Trinitarian formula is a fundamental affirmation of Christian belief. “Teaching them to observe all things that I have commanded you” (διδάσκοντες αὐτοὺς τηρεῖν πάντα ὅσα ἐνετειλάμην ὑμῖν) emphasizes the importance of ongoing instruction and discipleship. It is not enough to be baptized; we must continue to learn and grow in our faith. “Lo, I am with you always, even to the end of the age” (καὶ ἰδοὺ ἐγὼ μεθ’ ὑμῶν εἰμι πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας ἕως τῆς συντελείας τοῦ αἰῶνος) is Jesus’ promise of unwavering presence and support. This promise sustains us in the face of challenges and empowers us to fulfill the Great Commission. Matthew 28 – The Resurrection and the Great Commission provides the essential foundation for Christian life and ministry.

    St. Athanasius writes, “Οὐκ ἄρα ἐστὶν κτίσμα ὁ Λόγος, ἀλλὰ Θεὸς ἀληθινός, συνεδρεύων τῷ Πατρὶ καὶ τῷ Πνεύματι.” (“Therefore, the Word is not a created thing, but the true God, co-enthroned with the Father and the Spirit.”) (Athanasius, *Against the Arians*, PG 26:48)

    Spiritual Application: We are all called to participate in the Great Commission, sharing the Gospel, baptizing new believers, and teaching them to follow Christ. We do not do this alone, but with the assurance of His constant presence and support.

    Subtopic Sections 💡

    Let’s explore some key reflections on the Great Commission:

    • Universal Scope: The command to make disciples of “all nations” transcends cultural, ethnic, and geographical boundaries.
    • Trinitarian Foundation: Baptism in the name of the Trinity affirms the core of Christian theology and the unity of God.
    • Ongoing Discipleship: Discipleship is not a one-time event but a continuous process of learning, growing, and obeying Christ’s commands.
    • Divine Authority: The authority of Jesus empowers us to fulfill the Great Commission, despite our limitations.
    • Assurance of Presence: Jesus’ promise to be with us “always” provides comfort, strength, and confidence.
    • Transformation not merely information: The goal is not to simply transmit facts but to transform lives through the power of the Holy Spirit.

    FAQ ❓

    Let’s address some frequently asked questions about Matthew 28:

    • Q: Why is the resurrection so important?

      A: The resurrection is the cornerstone of our faith. It proves that Jesus is the Son of God, validates His teachings, and guarantees our own resurrection and eternal life. Without the resurrection, Christianity would be meaningless (1 Corinthians 15:14).

    • Q: What does it mean to “make disciples”?

      A: Making disciples involves more than just converting people to Christianity. It includes teaching them the commands of Jesus, nurturing their faith, and helping them grow into mature followers of Christ who can then disciple others (2 Timothy 2:2).

    • Q: How can I participate in the Great Commission?

      A: You can participate in the Great Commission by sharing your faith with others, supporting missionaries, praying for the spread of the Gospel, and living a life that reflects the teachings of Christ. Consider helping others find domain hosting so they can start their own online ministries. Every act of service and witness contributes to fulfilling this mandate.

    • Q: What if I feel inadequate to fulfill the Great Commission?

      A: Jesus doesn’t call the qualified, He qualifies the called. Remember Jesus’ promise, “I am with you always, even to the end of the age” (Matthew 28:20). Lean on His strength, seek His guidance, and trust in His promise to empower you.

    Conclusion 🕊️

    Matthew 28 – The Resurrection and the Great Commission is a powerful testament to the victory of Christ over death and the ongoing mission of His Church. The resurrection is not just a historical event; it’s a living reality that transforms our lives and empowers us to share the good news with the world. The Great Commission is not merely a suggestion; it’s a command that calls us to participate in God’s redemptive plan. As Coptic Orthodox Christians, we embrace this mission with zeal, knowing that Christ is with us always, guiding and empowering us to make disciples of all nations. Let us go forth with faith, courage, and love, proclaiming the resurrected Christ to the ends of the earth.

    Tags

    Resurrection, Great Commission, Matthew 28, Coptic Orthodox, Theology, Evangelism, Discipleship, Trinity, Bible Commentary, Christian Faith

    Meta Description

    Explore Matthew 28 – The Resurrection and the Great Commission from a Coptic Orthodox perspective. Dive into verse-by-verse commentary, Patristic insights, and practical applications.