Submitting to Authority: Finding God’s Will in Governance

Executive Summary

This chapter of Romans, often misinterpreted, delves into the Christian’s responsibility towards earthly authority. Paul emphasizes that all authority is ordained by God, not as a blanket endorsement of every ruler’s actions, but as a structural necessity for a functioning society. We explore the delicate balance between obedience and righteous resistance, understanding that our ultimate allegiance is to God. The chapter then transitions to a powerful call for love as the fulfillment of the Law, moving beyond mere legalistic compliance to a heart transformed by Christ. This love extends not only to our brothers and sisters in Christ, but also to our neighbors, demonstrating the very essence of the Gospel. We learn how submitting to authority, when not in direct conflict with God’s commands, and living a life of love, are both vital expressions of our faith. The *path to obedience* requires discernment and a continuous seeking of God’s wisdom.

Romans 13 is a critical chapter for understanding the Christian’s role in society. It addresses the complex issue of submission to governing authorities, reminding us that power ultimately derives from God. However, it also emphasizes that love is the true fulfillment of the Law, a higher calling that governs our interactions with all people. This commentary will explore the nuances of this chapter, drawing upon Coptic Orthodox tradition, Patristic insights, and practical applications for modern life, guiding us toward a deeper understanding of *submitting to authority*.

Commentary on Romans 13

Romans 13:1 (KJV) – Let every soul be subject unto the higher powers. For there is no power but of God: the powers that be are ordained of God. (NKJV) – Let every soul be subject to the governing authorities. For there is no authority except from God, and the authorities that exist are appointed by God.

The Apostle Paul opens with a seemingly straightforward command: “Let every soul be subject to the higher powers.” The Greek, πᾶσα ψυχὴ ὑποτασσέσθω ταῖς ἐξουσίαις ταῖς ὑπερεχούσαις (pasa psychē hypotassesthō tais exousiais tais hyperechousais), emphasizes a voluntary submission of the soul, not merely outward compliance. This isn’t a blanket endorsement of every action by every government. Rather, it recognizes that the very concept of authority and order is divinely ordained. Without some form of governance, society would descend into chaos. The caveat, of course, is when these “higher powers” demand actions that directly contradict God’s commands.

St. Athanasius, in *Contra Gentes*, writes: “Οὐκ ἔστιν γὰρ ἐξουσία εἰ μὴ ὑπὸ Θεοῦ, αἱ δὲ οὖσαι ὑπὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ τεταγμέναι εἰσίν” (Ouk estin gar exousia ei mē hypo Theou, hai de ousai hypo tou Theou tetagmenai eisin) – “For there is no authority except from God, and those that exist are appointed by God.” (Athanasius, *Contra Gentes*, 33). He highlights the divine source of legitimate authority.

Consider the urban landscape of Rome at the time. A vast empire held together by a complex legal system and a powerful military. The Pax Romana, while providing stability, was maintained through the threat of force. Paul’s words would have resonated strongly with Christians navigating this environment. This *path to obedience* required carefully discerning the line between lawful submission and righteous defiance.

Spiritual Application: We must cultivate a spirit of respect for authority, recognizing its role in maintaining order. However, we must also be discerning, always measuring our obedience against the Word of God. Pray for our leaders, asking God to guide them with wisdom and justice. Also if you are looking to create a new website for your business, consider searching for a professional domain host that can provide excellent and reliable hosting services for your website.

Romans 13:2 (KJV) – Whosoever therefore resisteth the power, resisteth the ordinance of God: and they that resist shall receive to themselves damnation. (NKJV) – Therefore whoever resists the authority resists the ordinance of God, and those who resist will bring judgment on themselves.

Paul continues to reinforce the gravity of resisting legitimate authority. The word “damnation” (κρίμα – krima) should be understood not necessarily as eternal condemnation, but as judgment or consequence. Resistting lawful authority brings societal disorder, and naturally leads to punishment. This verse doesn’t give governments carte blanche to act unjustly, but warns against rebellious spirit that undermines the fabric of society.

We see examples of righteous disobedience throughout the Bible. Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego refused to bow down to Nebuchadnezzar’s idol (Daniel 3), and Peter and John continued to preach the Gospel despite being forbidden by the authorities (Acts 4:19-20). These examples demonstrate that our ultimate allegiance is to God, and we must obey Him rather than men when their commands conflict. St. Cyril of Alexandria, in his commentary on Romans, emphasizes the importance of discerning between lawful and unlawful commands, echoing the sentiment that *submitting to authority* is not unconditional.

Consider the environmental impact of unchecked power. Throughout history, unjust rulers have exploited natural resources without regard for the consequences, leading to deforestation, pollution, and climate change. A responsible approach to governance involves stewardship of the earth and protection of its resources.

Spiritual Application: We should strive to be law-abiding citizens, participating constructively in society. However, we must also be prepared to stand up for what is right, even if it means disobeying unjust laws. This requires discernment, courage, and a deep commitment to God’s will.

Romans 13:3-4 (KJV) – For rulers are not a terror to good works, but to the evil. Wilt thou then not be afraid of the power? do that which is good, and thou shalt have praise of the same: For he is the minister of God to thee for good. But if thou do that which is evil, be afraid; for he beareth not the sword in vain: for he is the minister of God, a revenger to execute wrath upon him that doeth evil. (NKJV) – For rulers are not a terror to good works, but to evil. Do you want to be unafraid of the authority? Do what is good, and you will have praise from the same. For he is God’s minister to you for good. But if you do evil, be afraid; for he does not bear the sword in vain; for he is God’s minister, an avenger to execute wrath on him who practices evil.

Here, Paul explains the purpose of government: to promote good and punish evil. The “sword” is a symbol of legitimate authority and the power to enforce laws. This paints an idealized picture of governance, where rulers act as God’s servants, upholding justice and protecting the innocent. Of course, we know from experience that this is not always the case. But the ideal remains: that government should be a force for good, not oppression.

Origen, in his commentary on this passage, notes that even imperfect rulers can serve God’s purpose, even if unintentionally. He uses the example of the Roman Empire, which, despite its flaws, provided a framework for the spread of the Gospel. The deuterocanonical book of Wisdom speaks extensively about the duties of kings and rulers, emphasizing justice, wisdom, and compassion (Wisdom 6-9). These virtues are essential for those in positions of authority.

Archaeological discoveries shed light on the Roman legal system, revealing its emphasis on due process and fair treatment. While this system was far from perfect, it represented a significant advance over previous forms of governance. This legal context shaped Paul’s understanding of authority and his call for submission.

Spiritual Application: We should strive to live lives of integrity, avoiding actions that would bring us into conflict with the law. We should also support just laws and policies, and advocate for reforms that promote fairness and equity. This requires engaging actively in civic life, praying for our leaders, and holding them accountable to high ethical standards.

Romans 13:5-7 (KJV) – Wherefore ye must needs be subject, not only for wrath, but also for conscience sake. For for this cause pay ye tribute also: for they are God’s ministers, attending continually upon this very thing. Render therefore to all their dues: tribute to whom tribute is due; custom to whom custom; fear to whom fear; honour to whom honour. (NKJV) – Therefore you must be subject, not only because of wrath but also for conscience’ sake. For because of this you also pay taxes, for they are God’s ministers attending continually to this very thing. Render therefore to all their due: taxes to whom taxes are due, customs to whom customs, fear to whom fear, honor to whom honor.

Paul emphasizes that submission to authority is not merely a matter of avoiding punishment (“wrath”), but also a matter of conscience. By paying taxes and showing respect to those in authority, we acknowledge their legitimacy and contribute to the functioning of society. This is an important aspect of our Christian witness, demonstrating that we are responsible citizens who respect the rule of law.

St. John Chrysostom, in his homilies on Romans, stresses the importance of paying taxes honestly and avoiding any form of tax evasion. He argues that this is a moral obligation, not just a legal one. The Didache, an early Christian manual, also emphasizes the importance of honoring those in authority and obeying just laws.

Historically, taxation has been a source of conflict and resentment. However, it is also necessary for funding essential government services, such as infrastructure, education, and defense. A just tax system is one that is fair, equitable, and transparent. The environmental impact of taxation can be significant, as governments can use taxes to incentivize sustainable practices and discourage pollution.

Spiritual Application: We should strive to be honest and responsible in our dealings with the government, paying our taxes promptly and obeying just laws. We should also advocate for tax policies that are fair and equitable, and that promote the common good. Let us also remember that everything we have comes from God, and we should be generous in giving back to Him and to others.

Romans 13:8-10 (KJV) – Owe no man any thing, but to love one another: for he that loveth another hath fulfilled the law. For this, Thou shalt not commit adultery, Thou shalt not kill, Thou shalt not steal, Thou shalt not bear false witness, Thou shalt not covet; and if there be any other commandment, it is briefly comprehended in this saying, namely, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself. Love worketh no ill to his neighbour: therefore love is the fulfilling of the law. (NKJV) – Owe no one anything except to love one another, for he who loves another has fulfilled the law. For the commandments, “You shall not commit adultery,” “You shall not murder,” “You shall not steal,” “You shall not bear false witness,” “You shall not covet,” and if there is any other commandment, are all summed up in this saying, namely, “You shall love your neighbor as yourself.” Love does no harm to a neighbor; therefore love is the fulfillment of the law.

Paul shifts from the topic of submission to authority to the paramount importance of love. He states that love is the fulfillment of the Law, encompassing all the commandments. Love is not merely a feeling, but an active commitment to the well-being of others. This love extends to our neighbors, our enemies, and all people, regardless of their background or status. This is the heart of the Gospel: a love that transcends boundaries and transforms lives.

St. Augustine, in his writings on love, emphasizes that love is the driving force behind all good actions. He writes, “Dilige, et quod vis fac” – “Love, and do what you will.” (Augustine, *Homilies on the First Epistle of John*, 7:8). This doesn’t mean that love gives us license to do whatever we want, but rather that love, rightly understood, will always guide us towards what is good and true. The deuterocanonical book of Sirach also speaks extensively about the importance of love and compassion, urging us to be generous and forgiving towards others (Sirach 28).

Consider the social and economic implications of love. A society based on love would be one where people care for each other’s needs, where justice prevails, and where everyone has the opportunity to thrive. Love is not just a personal virtue, but a social imperative.

Spiritual Application: We should strive to live lives of love, showing compassion and kindness to all people. This means being generous with our time, our resources, and our talents. It means forgiving those who have wronged us, and seeking reconciliation with those we have wronged. It means standing up for justice and advocating for the marginalized. Ultimately, it means allowing Christ’s love to transform our hearts and minds, making us instruments of His peace in the world.

Romans 13:11-14 (KJV) – And that, knowing the time, that now it is high time to awake out of sleep: for now is our salvation nearer than when we believed. The night is far spent, the day is at hand: let us therefore cast off the works of darkness, and let us put on the armour of light. Let us walk honestly, as in the day; not in rioting and drunkenness, not in chambering and wantonness, not in strife and envying. But put ye on the Lord Jesus Christ, and make not provision for the flesh, to fulfil the lusts thereof. (NKJV) – And do this, knowing the time, that now it is high time to awake out of sleep; for now our salvation is nearer than when we first believed. The night is far spent, the day is at hand. Therefore let us cast off the works of darkness, and let us put on the armor of light. Let us walk properly, as in the day, not in revelry and drunkenness, not in lewdness and lust, not in strife and envy. But put on the Lord Jesus Christ, and make no provision for the flesh, to fulfill its lusts.

Paul concludes the chapter with a call to spiritual awakening. He reminds us that our salvation is drawing near, and that we must therefore cast off the works of darkness and put on the armor of light. This means living lives of holiness and righteousness, avoiding the temptations of the flesh, and walking in the light of Christ. This is a call to vigilance and perseverance, reminding us that the Christian life is a journey, not a destination.

St. Macarius the Great, in his homilies, emphasizes the importance of constant vigilance and self-examination. He writes, “Behold, brethren, let us watch, lest we be found sleeping when the Lord comes.” (Macarius the Great, *Homilies*, 1:1). This call to watchfulness is echoed throughout the Patristic tradition. The deuterocanonical book of Tobit speaks of doing acts of charity, praying constantly, and remembering the Lord, all of which are ways to keep awake spiritually.

Consider the impact of spiritual awakening on our relationships with others and the environment. When we are truly awake, we are more sensitive to the needs of others, more committed to justice, and more mindful of our responsibility to care for the earth. Spiritual awakening leads to a transformed life, a life that is characterized by love, compassion, and service.

Spiritual Application: We should strive to live each day as if it were our last, being mindful of the imminent return of Christ. This means repenting of our sins, seeking forgiveness, and living lives of holiness and righteousness. It means putting on the armor of light, resisting temptation, and walking in the path of love. Ultimately, it means surrendering our lives to Christ, allowing Him to transform us into His image.

Love Fulfills the Law: Key Teachings

Here are key takeaways regarding the crucial role of love in fulfilling the requirements of the Law:

• 💖 **Love as the Essence:** Love is not just one commandment among many, but the very essence of all the commandments.
• 🤝 **Love in Action:** Love is not merely a feeling, but an active commitment to the well-being of others.
• 🌐 **Love Transcends Boundaries:** Love extends to all people, regardless of their background, status, or beliefs.
• ✨ **Love Transforms:** Love has the power to transform individuals, communities, and even entire societies.
• 🕊️ **Love Unites:** Love breaks down barriers and fosters unity, creating a harmonious and just society.
• 💡 **Love Guides:** True love is always guided by wisdom, justice, and compassion, leading us towards what is good and true.

FAQ ❓

Frequently asked questions regarding Christians and submission to authority:

• Q: Does submitting to authority mean blindly obeying unjust laws?

A: No. While we are called to respect and obey legitimate authority, our ultimate allegiance is to God. When human laws contradict God’s commands, we must obey God rather than men. We must do so thoughtfully and prayerfully, seeking the wisdom of the Church and the guidance of the Holy Spirit.

• Q: How do we balance submission to authority with the need to stand up for justice?

A: This requires discernment and courage. We must be informed about the issues, prayerful in our decision-making, and willing to speak out against injustice, even if it means facing opposition. We can do this through peaceful protest, advocacy, and other forms of civic engagement.

• Q: What does it mean to “put on the Lord Jesus Christ?”

A: It means allowing Christ to transform our hearts and minds, so that we think, feel, and act like Him. It means allowing His love to guide our decisions, His compassion to motivate our actions, and His wisdom to inform our understanding of the world.

• Q: How can we cultivate a spirit of love in a world filled with hatred and division?

A: By focusing on Christ, by praying for our enemies, by seeking to understand those who are different from us, and by actively working for reconciliation and peace. Love is a choice, and we must choose to love, even when it is difficult.

Conclusion

Romans 13 presents a compelling vision of the Christian life. It calls us to submit to legitimate authority, recognizing its divine origin and its role in maintaining order. However, it also reminds us that love is the fulfillment of the Law, the ultimate standard by which our actions are judged. It challenges us to live lives of holiness and righteousness, casting off the works of darkness and putting on the armor of light. To follow this *path to obedience*, we must constantly strive for discernment, wisdom, and above all, love. As we walk this path, we must also remember our *duty to respect the leaders* of our government. Only by integrating these principles can we truly be salt and light in the world, demonstrating the transformative power of the Gospel. This chapter is not simply a set of rules, but a call to a higher way of living, a way of love and obedience that reflects the very heart of God.

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Submission to authority, love, law, government, obedience, conscience, justice, righteousness, spiritual awakening, Romans 13

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Explore Romans 13’s complex teachings on submission to authority and the fulfillment of the Law through love. A Coptic Orthodox commentary providing spiritual insights and practical applications.