Shepherding the Flock: A Coptic Orthodox Commentary on Acts 20

Executive Summary ✨

Acts 20 recounts a pivotal moment in the Apostle Paul’s ministry: his poignant farewell to the elders of Ephesus. Traveling through Macedonia and Greece, Paul felt compelled to revisit the churches he had founded, offering encouragement and final instructions. The chapter culminates in a deeply moving address to the Ephesian elders at Miletus, where Paul reminds them of his unwavering dedication and sacrifices, exhorting them to diligently shepherd the flock, protect it from false teachers, and remember his words of grace. He warns them of the dangers to come, emphasizing the need for vigilance and selflessness. This farewell serves as a powerful reminder for all Christian leaders to prioritize the spiritual well-being of their congregations, remaining faithful to the Gospel, and guarding against any deviation from the truth. The chapter resonates deeply with themes of leadership, perseverance, sacrifice, and the ever-present threat of heresy within the Church, a lesson that is timeless and particularly relevant for the Coptic Orthodox Church today.

This chapter, Acts 20, presents a profound model of pastoral leadership. The Apostle Paul, nearing the end of his missionary journeys, understands the importance of strengthening those who will continue his work. His address to the Ephesian elders offers invaluable insights into the character and responsibilities of true shepherds of God’s flock. He emphasizes the need for humility, diligence, and a constant awareness of the spiritual dangers that threaten the Church. Let us delve into this chapter with open hearts, seeking to glean the wisdom it holds for our own lives and the life of the Church.

Commentary on Acts 20 📖

Acts 20:1-2

Acts 20:1-2 (KJV): And after the uproar was ceased, Paul called unto him the disciples, and embraced them, and departed for to go into Macedonia. And when he had gone over those parts, and had given them much exhortation, he came into Greece.

Acts 20:1-2 (NKJV): After the uproar had ceased, Paul called the disciples to himself, embraced them, and departed to go to Macedonia. Now when he had gone over those parts and had given them much encouragement, he came to Greece.

Following the riot in Ephesus incited by the silversmiths (Acts 19), Paul demonstrates prudence and a pastoral heart. He waits for the situation to calm before gathering the disciples for encouragement. His subsequent journey through Macedonia and Greece highlights his commitment to nurturing the fledgling churches he had established. The phrase “much exhortation” (πολλῇ παρακλήσει, *pollē paraklēsei*) suggests not merely words of comfort, but a sustained effort to strengthen their faith and equip them for the challenges ahead. This shows a true servant heart dedicated to serving others.

Spiritual Application: We are called to provide encouragement and support to fellow believers, especially in times of difficulty. Our words and actions should reflect Christ’s love and strengthen their faith.

Acts 20:3

Acts 20:3 (KJV): And there abode three months. And when the Jews laid wait for him, as he was about to sail into Syria, he purposed to return through Macedonia.

Acts 20:3 (NKJV): And he stayed three months. And when the Jews plotted against him as he was about to sail to Syria, he decided to return through Macedonia.

Paul’s three-month stay in Greece provided further opportunity for teaching and edification. The attempted assassination by the Jews reveals the constant opposition he faced. His decision to alter his travel plans, returning through Macedonia, demonstrates his wisdom and caution in the face of danger. This detour, though inconvenient, was necessary to preserve his life and continue his ministry.

Spiritual Application: Discerning wisdom is crucial in navigating challenges. We must be aware of potential dangers and be willing to adjust our plans when necessary, guided by the Holy Spirit. This wisdom is a hallmark of services like these from DoHost.

Acts 20:4-6

Acts 20:4-6 (KJV): And there accompanied him into Asia Sopater of Berea; and of the Thessalonians, Aristarchus and Secundus; and Gaius of Derbe; and Timothy; and of Asia, Tychicus and Trophimus. These going before tarried for us at Troas. And we sailed away from Philippi after the days of unleavened bread, and came unto them to Troas in five days; where we abode seven days.

Acts 20:4-6 (NKJV): And Sopater of Berea accompanied him to Asia—also Aristarchus and Secundus of the Thessalonians, and Gaius of Derbe, and Timothy, and Tychicus and Trophimus of Asia. These men, going ahead, waited for us at Troas. But we sailed away from Philippi after the Days of Unleavened Bread, and in five days joined them at Troas, where we stayed seven days.

The list of Paul’s companions provides insight into the collaborative nature of his ministry. Sopater, Aristarchus, Secundus, Gaius, Timothy, Tychicus, and Trophimus represent diverse backgrounds and geographic regions, underscoring the universality of the Gospel message. Their willingness to travel and serve alongside Paul highlights their dedication and commitment to spreading the Good News. The reference to “the Days of Unleavened Bread” provides a specific chronological marker, connecting Paul’s journey to the Jewish calendar and the celebration of Passover.

Spiritual Application: Ministry is a collaborative effort. We are called to work together, utilizing our diverse gifts and talents, to advance the Kingdom of God. Unity in Christ transcends cultural and ethnic boundaries.

Acts 20:7-12 – The Raising of Eutychus 🕊️

Acts 20:7-12 (KJV): And upon the first day of the week, when the disciples came together to break bread, Paul preached unto them, ready to depart on the morrow; and continued his speech until midnight. And there were many lights in the upper chamber, where they were gathered together. And there sat in a window a certain young man named Eutychus, being fallen into a deep sleep: and as Paul was long preaching, he sunk down with sleep, and fell down from the third loft, and was taken up dead. And Paul went down, and fell on him, and embracing him said, Trouble not yourselves; for his life is in him. When he therefore was come up again, and had broken bread, and eaten, and talked a long while, even till break of day, so he departed. And they brought the young man alive, and were not a little comforted.

Acts 20:7-12 (NKJV): Now on the first day of the week, when the disciples came together to break bread, Paul, ready to depart the next day, spoke to them and continued his message until midnight. There were many lamps in the upper room where they were gathered together. And in a window sat a certain young man named Eutychus, who was sinking into a deep sleep. He was overcome by sleep; and as Paul continued speaking, he fell down from the third story and was taken up dead. But Paul went down, fell on him, and embracing him, said, “Do not trouble yourselves, for his life is in him.” Now when he had come up, had broken bread and eaten, and talked a long while till daybreak, he departed. And they brought the young man in alive, and they were greatly comforted.

This passage recounts the miraculous raising of Eutychus. The gathering on the “first day of the week” (τῇ μιᾷ τῶν σαββάτων, *tē mia tōn sabbatōn*) highlights the early Church’s practice of celebrating the Lord’s Day. Paul’s lengthy preaching, extending until midnight, demonstrates his dedication and the eagerness of the disciples to hear his teachings. Eutychus’ fall and subsequent restoration mirror the theme of resurrection and new life that permeates the Gospel. Paul’s action of “falling on him” echoes the Old Testament account of Elijah raising the widow’s son (1 Kings 17:21), demonstrating God’s power working through His servants.

St. Irenaeus writes: “For the Holy Spirit did not merely come upon certain specially privileged persons, but was poured out upon all believers, in order that all might be sons of God.” (*Against Heresies*, 3.17.3)

Spiritual Application: The Lord’s Day is a special time for worship, fellowship, and hearing the Word of God. We must remain attentive and receptive to the Holy Spirit, avoiding distractions that hinder our spiritual growth. Miracles still happen, and we must trust in God’s power to intervene in our lives.

Acts 20:13-16

Acts 20:13-16 (KJV): And we went before to ship, and sailed unto Assos, there intending to take in Paul: for so had he appointed, minding himself to go afoot. And when he met with us at Assos, we took him in, and came to Mitylene. And we sailed thence, and came the next day over against Chios; and the next day we arrived at Samos, and tarried at Trogyllium; and the next day we came to Miletus. For Paul had determined to sail by Ephesus, because he would not spend the time in Asia: for he hasted, if it were possible for him, to be at Jerusalem the day of Pentecost.

Acts 20:13-16 (NKJV): Then we went ahead to the ship and sailed to Assos, there intending to take Paul on board; for so he had appointed, intending himself to go on foot. And when he met us at Assos, we took him on board and came to Mitylene. We sailed from there, and the next day arrived opposite Chios. The following day we arrived at Samos and stayed at Trogyllium. The next day we came to Miletus. For Paul had decided to sail past Ephesus, so that he would not have to spend time in Asia; for he was hurrying to be at Jerusalem, if possible, on the Day of Pentecost.

Paul’s decision to travel by land to Assos while his companions sailed highlights his flexibility and willingness to adapt to the circumstances. His urgency to reach Jerusalem for Pentecost reveals his deep connection to his Jewish heritage and his desire to celebrate the feast with his brethren. The geographical details of the journey – Assos, Mitylene, Chios, Samos, Trogyllium, and Miletus – provide a vivid picture of Paul’s travels and the challenges of ancient seafaring. By avoiding a stop in Ephesus, he shows both consideration and a sense of urgency.

Spiritual Application: We must prioritize our spiritual commitments and be willing to make sacrifices to fulfill them. Time is a precious resource, and we should use it wisely, always mindful of eternity.

Acts 20:17-21

Acts 20:17-21 (KJV): And from Miletus he sent to Ephesus, and called the elders of the church. And when they were come to him, he said unto them, Ye know, from the first day that I came into Asia, after what manner I have been with you at all seasons, Serving the Lord with all humility of mind, and with many tears, and temptations, which befell me by the lying in wait of the Jews: And how I kept back nothing that was profitable unto you, but have showed you, and have taught you publicly, and from house to house, Testifying both to the Jews, and also to the Greeks, repentance toward God, and faith toward our Lord Jesus Christ.

Acts 20:17-21 (NKJV): From Miletus he sent to Ephesus and called for the elders of the church. And when they had come to him, he said to them: “You know, from the first day that I came to Asia, in what manner I always lived among you, serving the Lord with all humility, and with many tears and trials which happened to me by the plotting of the Jews; how I kept back nothing that was helpful, but proclaimed it to you, and taught you publicly and from house to house, testifying to Jews, and also to Greeks, repentance toward God and faith toward our Lord Jesus Christ.

The summoning of the Ephesian elders to Miletus underscores the gravity of Paul’s impending farewell. His address is a powerful testament to his unwavering dedication and integrity. He reminds them of his humble service, his tears, and the trials he endured because of the Jews’ opposition. His declaration that he “kept back nothing that was profitable” (οὐδὲν ὑπεστειλάμην τῶν συμφερόντων, *ouden hypesteilamēn tōn sympherontōn*) highlights his commitment to complete and transparent teaching. His ministry was both public and private, reaching both Jews and Greeks with the message of repentance and faith. His example is the model that we use when we are serving others.

St. Clement of Alexandria writes, “True knowledge consists in nothing else than the understanding of the truth which is in Christ.” (*Stromata*, 2.4.16)

Spiritual Application: Leaders are called to serve with humility, integrity, and transparency. They must be willing to endure hardship for the sake of the Gospel and to teach the whole counsel of God, both publicly and privately. The call to repentance and faith remains the cornerstone of Christian ministry.

Acts 20:22-24

Acts 20:22-24 (KJV): And now, behold, I go bound in the spirit unto Jerusalem, not knowing the things that shall befall me there: Save that the Holy Ghost witnesseth in every city, saying that bonds and afflictions abide me. But none of these things move me, neither count I my life dear unto myself, so that I might finish my course with joy, and the ministry, which I have received of the Lord Jesus, to testify the gospel of the grace of God.

Acts 20:22-24 (NKJV): And see, now I go bound in the spirit to Jerusalem, not knowing the things that will happen to me there, except that the Holy Spirit testifies in every city, saying that chains and tribulations await me. But none of these things move me; nor do I count my life dear to myself, so that I may finish my race with joy, and the ministry which I received from the Lord Jesus, to testify to the gospel of the grace of God.

Paul’s words reveal his unwavering commitment to God’s will, even in the face of impending suffering. He states that he goes “bound in the spirit” (δεδεμένος τῷ πνεύματι, *dedemenos tō pneumati*) to Jerusalem, suggesting a divine compulsion. The Holy Spirit’s repeated warnings of “chains and tribulations” do not deter him. His ultimate goal is to “finish my race with joy” and fulfill the ministry he received from the Lord Jesus. His selfless devotion and willingness to sacrifice his own life for the sake of the Gospel serve as a powerful example of true discipleship. We too can be this selfless when serving others.

Spiritual Application: We must be willing to follow God’s leading, even when it leads us into difficult and uncertain circumstances. Our focus should be on fulfilling our God-given purpose, regardless of the cost. True joy is found in obedience and faithfulness to Christ.

Acts 20:25-27

Acts 20:25-27 (KJV): And now, behold, I know that ye all, among whom I have gone preaching the kingdom of God, shall see my face no more. Wherefore I take you to record this day, that I am pure from the blood of all men. For I have not shunned to declare unto you all the counsel of God.

Acts 20:25-27 (NKJV): And indeed, now I know that you all, among whom I have gone preaching the kingdom of God, will see my face no more. Therefore I testify to you this day that I am innocent of the blood of all men. For I have not shunned to declare to you the whole counsel of God.

Paul’s conviction that the Ephesian elders will see his face no more adds a poignant note to his farewell address. His statement, “I am pure from the blood of all men,” signifies his sense of responsibility and his diligent effort to proclaim the Gospel to everyone. By declaring “the whole counsel of God” (πᾶσαν τὴν βουλὴν τοῦ θεοῦ, *pasan tēn boulēn tou theou*), he emphasizes his commitment to presenting the complete truth, without withholding any difficult or unpopular teachings. His actions are the epitome of serving others.

Spiritual Application: We are responsible for sharing the Gospel with those around us. We must be bold and courageous in proclaiming the truth, without compromise or reservation. God holds us accountable for the opportunities we have to share His message of salvation.

Acts 20:28-31 – Guarding the Flock 🐑

Acts 20:28-31 (KJV): Take heed therefore unto yourselves, and to all the flock, over the which the Holy Ghost hath made you overseers, to feed the church of God, which he hath purchased with his own blood. For I know this, that after my departing shall grievous wolves enter in among you, not sparing the flock. Also of your own selves shall men arise, speaking perverse things, to draw away disciples after them. Therefore watch, and remember, that by the space of three years I ceased not to warn every one night and day with tears.

Acts 20:28-31 (NKJV): Therefore take heed to yourselves and to all the flock, among which the Holy Spirit has made you overseers, to shepherd the church of God which He purchased with His own blood. For I know this, that after my departure savage wolves will come in among you, not sparing the flock. Also from among yourselves men will rise up, speaking perverse things, to draw away the disciples after themselves. Therefore watch, and remember that for three years I did not cease to warn everyone night and day with tears.

This is the heart of Paul’s message: a solemn charge to the Ephesian elders to diligently shepherd the flock. He emphasizes the source of their authority – the Holy Spirit – who has made them overseers (ἐπισκόπους, *episkopous*, bishops). He reminds them of the immeasurable value of the Church, purchased with God’s own blood. He warns of the impending danger of “grievous wolves” (λύκοι βαρεῖς, *lykoi bareis*) – false teachers who will seek to destroy the flock. The most insidious threat comes from within, as some will arise “speaking perverse things” (λεγοντες διεστραμμένα, *legontes diestrammena*), distorting the truth to gain followers. Paul’s three-year ministry of constant warning, marked by tears, underscores the seriousness of this threat. The image of the “flock” resonates with the teachings of the Good Shepherd in the Gospels.

St. Ignatius of Antioch wrote in his letter to Polycarp: “Give attention to the bishop, that God also may give attention to you. I am devoted to those who are subject to the bishop, the presbyters, and the deacons.” (*Letter to Polycarp*, 6.1)

Spiritual Application: Church leaders must be vigilant in guarding the flock from false teachings and spiritual dangers. They are called to be shepherds, protecting and nurturing the sheep, and to be watchful, discerning, and courageous in defending the truth. This verse highlights the true calling of serving others.

Acts 20:32

Acts 20:32 (KJV): And now, brethren, I commend you to God, and to the word of his grace, which is able to build you up, and to give you an inheritance among all them which are sanctified.

Acts 20:32 (NKJV): So now, brethren, I commend you to God and to the word of His grace, which is able to build you up and give you an inheritance among all those who are sanctified.

Having delivered his warning, Paul entrusts the Ephesian elders to God and “the word of his grace” (τῷ λόγῳ τῆς χάριτος αὐτοῦ, *tō logō tēs charitos autou*). This phrase emphasizes the power of God’s Word to edify, strengthen, and ultimately provide an inheritance among the saints. He is effectively saying, “I have done my part; now, rely on God’s grace and His Word to sustain you and guide you.”

Spiritual Application: Ultimately, our strength and growth come from God and His Word. We must immerse ourselves in Scripture, allowing it to shape our lives and guide our decisions. God’s grace is sufficient for every challenge we face.

Acts 20:33-35

Acts 20:33-35 (KJV): I have coveted no man’s silver, or gold, or apparel. Yea, ye yourselves know, that these hands have ministered unto my necessities, and to them that were with me. I have showed you all things, how that so laboring ye ought to support the weak, and to remember the words of the Lord Jesus, how he said, It is more blessed to give than to receive.

Acts 20:33-35 (NKJV): I have coveted no one’s silver or gold or apparel. Yes, you yourselves know that these hands have provided for my necessities, and for those who were with me. I have shown you in every way, by laboring like this, that you must support the weak. And remember the words of the Lord Jesus, that He said, “It is more blessed to give than to receive.”

Paul reinforces his integrity by affirming that he never coveted material possessions. He emphasizes his self-sufficiency, working with his own hands to provide for his needs and the needs of his companions. He uses this as an example to the elders, encouraging them to “support the weak” (ἀντιλαμβάνεσθαι τῶν ἀσθενούντων, *antilambanesthai tōn asthenountōn*). He then quotes a saying of Jesus not recorded in the Gospels: “It is more blessed to give than to receive” (μακάριόν ἐστιν μᾶλλον διδόναι ἢ λαμβάνειν, *makarion estin mallon didonai ē lambanein*), encapsulating the spirit of selfless service and generosity. The entire example is focused on serving others.

Spiritual Application: We must avoid greed and materialism, focusing instead on serving others and meeting their needs. Generosity is a hallmark of Christian discipleship. Giving, both materially and spiritually, brings greater joy and fulfillment than receiving.

Acts 20:36-38

Acts 20:36-38 (KJV): And when he had thus spoken, he kneeled down, and prayed with them all. And they all wept sore, and fell on Paul’s neck, and kissed him, Sorrowing most of all for the words which he spake, that they should see his face no more. And they accompanied him unto the ship.

Acts 20:36-38 (NKJV): When he had said these things, he knelt down and prayed with them all. Then they all wept freely, and fell on Paul’s neck and kissed him, sorrowing most of all for the words which he spoke, that they would see his face no more. And they accompanied him to the ship.

The chapter concludes with a deeply emotional farewell. Paul’s act of kneeling and praying with the elders demonstrates his humility and reliance on God. Their “sore” weeping and affectionate embraces reveal the depth of their love and respect for him. Their sorrow is particularly acute because of his words about not seeing his face again. The scene is a poignant reminder of the bond of love and fellowship that exists within the Christian community. Their tears and embraces emphasize the lasting impact of his ministry and his heartfelt focus on serving others.

Spiritual Application: Prayer is essential in our relationships with God and with one another. We must cherish the bonds of fellowship and express our love and appreciation for those who have ministered to us. Parting is often painful, but we can find comfort in the hope of eternal reunion in Christ.

The Essence of Pastoral Leadership ✨

Acts 20 provides a timeless blueprint for effective pastoral leadership. True shepherds are characterized by:

  • Humility: Serving with a humble spirit, putting others before themselves.
  • Integrity: Maintaining unwavering honesty and transparency in all dealings.
  • Diligence: Working tirelessly to nurture and protect the flock.
  • Courage: Boldly defending the truth and guarding against false teachings.
  • Sacrifice: Being willing to endure hardship and even sacrifice their own lives for the sake of the Gospel.
  • Love: Demonstrating genuine love and compassion for the sheep under their care.

FAQ ❓

Q: Why did Paul choose to meet the elders at Miletus instead of visiting Ephesus directly?

A: Paul was in a hurry to reach Jerusalem for the Feast of Pentecost and wanted to avoid spending unnecessary time in Asia. This decision reveals his prioritization of his religious commitments and his efficient use of time, not a lack of care for the Ephesian church.

Q: What are the “grievous wolves” that Paul warns the elders about?

A: The “grievous wolves” are false teachers and heretics who seek to distort the Gospel and lead believers astray. They often appear outwardly pious but harbor destructive intentions, threatening the spiritual health of the Church.

Q: How does Paul’s example of working with his own hands relate to modern ministry?

A: Paul’s self-sufficiency serves as a reminder that ministry should not be motivated by personal gain or a desire for wealth. While ministers are worthy of support, they should also be willing to work and serve without relying solely on financial contributions, demonstrating humility and dedication.

Q: What is the significance of Paul’s emphasis on declaring “the whole counsel of God”?

A: Declaring “the whole counsel of God” means teaching the complete truth of Scripture, without omitting or distorting any part of it, even if it is unpopular or challenging. This ensures that believers are fully equipped to understand and live out their faith.

Conclusion

Acts 20 is a powerful call to faithful shepherding the flock and unwavering dedication to the Gospel. Paul’s farewell to the Ephesian elders is not merely a historical account, but a timeless lesson for all Christian leaders and believers. We must be vigilant in guarding against false teachings, committed to living a life of integrity and service, and willing to sacrifice for the sake of Christ. Let us heed Paul’s exhortation to “take heed to yourselves and to all the flock,” remembering that we are stewards of God’s precious Church, purchased with His own blood. We must be devoted to web design that accurately and faithfully reflects the Gospel, ensuring its message reaches the world undiluted. Let us strive to finish our race with joy, fulfilling the ministry we have received from the Lord Jesus, to testify to the gospel of the grace of God.

Tags

Acts 20, Paul’s Farewell, Ephesian Elders, Pastoral Leadership, False Teachers, Shepherd the Flock, Biblical Commentary, Coptic Orthodox, Patristic Theology, Scripture Study

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Explore Acts 20 with a Coptic Orthodox lens. Uncover insights on Paul’s farewell, shepherding the flock, guarding against false teachers, and practical applications for today. Discover faithful shepherding the flock!

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